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Electrical scanning probe microscopes (eSPMs), such as the scanning Kelvin force microscope (SKFM), scanning capacitance microscope (SCM), or various scanning microwave microscopes (SMMs) are sensitive to the electric field between the sample and tip
Ruoyu Sun, Peter B. Papazian, Jelena Senic, Yeh Lo, Jae-Kark Choi, Kate Remley, Camillo Gentile
The 60 GHz band is being considered for many high bandwidth wireless applications. To support standards development for these applications, NIST has developed an untethered 60 GHz, 8×16 MIMO channel sounder. It employs a pseudorandom bit sequence with a
Perry F. Wilson, John M. Ladbury, Galen H. Koepke, Capstick Myles, Niels Kuster, Sven Kuhn, Veronica Berdinas-Torres, Yijian Gong, David McCormick, James Gauger, Ronald Melnick
In this paper we present the novel design features, their technical implementation, and an evaluation of the radio frequency (RF) exposure systems developed for the National Toxicology Program (NTP) of the National Institute of Environmental Health
Josh Gordon, David R. Novotny, Ronald C. Wittmann, Michael Francis, Jeffrey R. Guerrieri, Alexandra Curtin, Miranda L. Butler, Albin Gasiewski, Lavanya Periasamy
Three-dimensional (3-D) printing is finding applications across many areas and may be a useful technology for antenna fabrication for cube satellites (CubeSats). However, the quality of an antenna produced using 3-D printing must be considered if this
Arkadiusz C. Lewandowski, Wojciech Wiatr, Dazhen Gu, Nate Orloff, Thomas Mitchell (Mitch) Wallis, Pavel Kabos
We present the application of our newly developed multi-reflect-thru technique to vector-network-analyzer calibration in the on-wafer environment. This technique uses a set of highly-reflective one-port devices, referred to as offset-reflects, and a single
As with anything new, especially metrology tools, you want to know how good the new tool is. This is generally done through comparisons with existing systems. In this paper such a comparison is described. The new NIST method of processing measurements and
Using the multiple-scale homogenization method, we derive generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) for electromagnetic fields at the surface of a metafilm. The scatterers that compose the metafilm are of arbitrary shape and are embedded between two
Joshua A. Gordon, Christopher L. Holloway, Matthew T. Simons
We present an overview of radio frequency (RF) electric-field measurements using Rydberg atoms. This technique exploits the rich resonance response of these atoms which can occur across a large frequency range from 1 GHz-500 GHz. This measurement utilizes
Alexandra E. Curtin, David R. Novotny, Joshua A. Gordon
In wireless communication technology, the growth of 5G and MIMO (multiple-input and multiple- output) systems has revealed a gap in the methods to characterize and calibrate hardware for high frequency and coherent MIMO applications. High frequency (>20
Michael H. Francis, David R. Novotny, Josh Gordon, Alexandra Curtin, Ronald C. Wittmann
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has used the three‐antenna extrapolation method to determine the on‐axis gain of several antennas in the WR8 frequency band. One antenna is an electroformed μ=±1 probe with gain of about 9 dB. The
This paper uses a Monte Carlo simulation program to explore various aspects of uncertainties associated with the measurement of the noise parameters of transistors on wafers. The dependence of the noise-parameter uncertainties on the different input
We present a test procedure and results comparing RF performance of traditional pyramidal absorber to that with latex coating. Measurements are performed from 4-12 GHz, but the same measurement methodology can be applied other frequency bands. Absorber
We outline the theoretical formulation of radiometry of the free-space radiation emitted by a blackbody target. Simulation shows a much smaller drop of radiation intensity of a Lambertian source than that of an incoherent source in the near-field region
Christian J. Long, Nathan D. Orloff, Kevin A. Twedt, Thomas F. Lam, Luis Fernando Vargas Lara, Minhua Zhao, Bharath NMN Natarajan, Keana C. Scott, Eric Marksz, Tinh Nguyen, Jack F. Douglas, Jabez J. McClelland, Edward J. Garboczi, Jan Obrzut, James A. Liddle
Carbon nanotube composites are lightweight, multifunctional materials with readily adjustable mechanical and electrical propertiesrelevant to the aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods industries as high-performance building materials. Here, we combine
A complete characterization of multiple-device wireless interactions must include data relatable to the electromagnetic field radiated by each device under test (DUT). If these field sources are separable in time or frequency, they can be demultiplexed
Xiaohai Cui, Yu S. Meng, Rolf Judaschke, Juergen Ruehaak, Thomas P. Crowley, Ronald A. Ginley
This paper reports preliminary measurement results of an informal international power comparison in WR15 (50 GHz to 75 GHz) waveguide among NIST, NIM, PTB and NMC, A*Star. The goal of the comparison was to demonstrate the precision measurement capabilities
Christopher L. Holloway, Matthew T. Simons, Joshua A. Gordon
We demonstrate simultaneous electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) with cesium and rubidium Rydberg atoms in the same vapor cell with coincident (overlapping) optical fields. Each atomic system can detect RF electric (E) field strengths through
Acoustic reverberation chambers predate electromagnetic (EM) reverberation chambers. EM reverberation chamber researchers occasionally make reference to acoustic equivalents when describing test methods and results. However, most EM reverberation chamber
Perry F. Wilson, Joshua A. Gordon, David R. Novotny, Jeffrey R. Guerrieri
A typical near-field scanning range for antenna measurements is based on simple translation stages (planar) or stacked rotators (spherical), or both (cylindrical). Above 100 GHz problems arise in both specialized waveguide components, such as precision
We demonstrate an approach for electric-field measurements of high power radiation sources with a room temperature Rydberg-atom gas. We present strong-field measurements of microwaves tuned near the two photon 65D5=2−66D5=2 Rydberg transition in rubidium
Christopher L. Holloway, Matthew T. Simons, Joshua A. Gordon
In this work we demonstrate an approach for improved sensitivity in weak RF electric-field measurements using Rydberg EIT in an atomic vapor. This is accomplished by varying the RF frequency around a resonant atomic transition and extrapolating the weak on
Damir Senic, Antonio Sarolic, Zbigniew M. Joskiewicz, Christopher L. Holloway
We provide the results of human body absorption cross section (ACS) measurements. The setup was based on the reverberation chamber as a well-known measurement environment capable of performing ACS measurements. The approach was supported by reference
With wireless communication becoming more and more common in simple everyday devices, the available spectrum is quickly filling up and the risk of interference is increasing. This interference could be a slight nuisance to or it could be a more significant
We consider here the use of hovering unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to test spectrum sensing capabilities of Citizen's Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) systems at 3.5 GHz. Aircraft transmit synthesized LTE or pulsed radar modulation to excite spectrum
This paper describes microwave characterization of coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines formed by ink-jet printed technology on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The reel-to-reel printing process uses inkjet printing as a precursor for 2$\mu