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Displaying 29476 - 29500 of 73697

Critical Region

October 16, 2008
Author(s)
Jan V. Sengers, M A. Anisimov
The chapter reviews the current state of the art of describing the thermodynamic behavior of fluids and fluid mixtures. It elucidates the difference between Ising-like asymptotic critical thermodynamic behavior and mean-field critical thermodynamic

Crycoolers and High-T c Devices

October 16, 2008
Author(s)
Ray Radebaugh
This chapter reviews various methods and their operating principles for producing cryogenic temperatures. The use of liquid cryogens for laboratory studies of superconducting electronic devices is a common practice. That technique is mentioned briefly but

Cryogenics

October 16, 2008
Author(s)
Ray Radebaugh
This article is for publication in the Encyclopedia of Chemistry. The article gives a definition of cryogenics and describes the origin of the term and how it has been defined. Temperature scales and thermometry are discussed in relation to the absolute

Crystal Asymmetry Induces Single-Atom Chain Formation in Gold Nanowires

October 16, 2008
Author(s)
Francesca Tavazza, A Hasmy, Lyle E. Levine, Anne M. Chaka, Luis C. Rincon, M Marquez, Carlos A. Gonzalez
We performed density functional theory and tight-binding molecular dynamics calculations to investigate the formation of suspended linear atom chains when stretching gold nanowires along the [110] crystal orientation. We determined that the chain formation

Crystallization of Poly(ethylene oxide) on Topographically Patterned Substrates

October 16, 2008
Author(s)
Brian C. Okerberg, Christopher Soles, Jack F. Douglas, Alamgir Karim
Crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) on topographically patterned substrates is investigated. Primary nucleation was dramatically enhanced during solvent drying on patterned substrates compared to flat films. The nucleation density also increased

Current Issues in Optical Diffraction Theory

October 16, 2008
Author(s)
Klaus Mielenz
This paper focuses on unresolved or poorly documented issues pertaining to Fresnel's diffraction theory and its various modifications. In Sec. 2 of the paper it is pointed out that all thermal sources used in practice are finite in size, so that the

Data Mining Electron Microscope Images to Estimate a Particle Size Distribution

October 16, 2008
Author(s)
Walter S. Liggett Jr, Robert A. Fletcher
The application considered involves density estimation, spatial prediction, and sizing error. The goal is estimation of a particle size distribution; the data are scanning electron microscope (SEM) images that constitute a sample of a filter surface; and

Deformation of Heterogeneous Adaptive Composite

October 16, 2008
Author(s)
Julia Slutsker, Alexander L. Roytburd
The superelastic deformation of an adaptive layer composite containing a shape memory alloy as an active component is considered in this paper. It is shown that the intrisic instability of superelastic deformation can be suppressed in such kind of the

Deformation of Metals

October 16, 2008
Author(s)
R M. Thomson, Lyle E. Levine, Y Shim
Plastic deformation of a metal is possible because of the production and motion of large numbers of dislocations. Dislocations are one dimensional flexible spaghetti-like defects that interact with one another with both long range (1/r) and short range

Density Functional Theory Study of the Clean and Hydrated Hematite (1 102) Surfaces

October 16, 2008
Author(s)
Cynthia S. Lo, Kunaljeet Tanwar, Anne M. Chaka, Thomas P. Trainor
The structures of the clean and hydrated hematite alpha-Fe2O3 (1-102) surfaces were investigated using density functional theory, and the free energies of the surfaces in chemical equilibrium with water were calculated as a function of temperature and

Dental Adhesion With Self-Etching, Polymerization-Initiating Primers

October 16, 2008
Author(s)
Joseph M. Antonucci, C A. Khatri, Gary E. Schumacher, J E. Code, T Nikaido
Iminoacetic acids are noted for their moderate acidity and ability to chelate metal ions, including the biologically important calcium ion. Previously it was shown that the application of N-phenyliminodiacetic acid (PIDAA) both etches and activates

Dental Ceramic Innovations

October 16, 2008
Author(s)
J R. Kelly
Truly widespread application of ceramics in dental practice (along with major esthetic improvements) awaited two important structural innovations that did not occur until the latter part of this century. The first innovation created today's most often
Displaying 29476 - 29500 of 73697
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