An official website of the United States government
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
A new approach to detect absolute radio-frequency (RF) electric fields (E-fields) that uses Rydberg atoms at room temperature in vapor cells has recently been demonstrated. The large transition dipole moments between energetically adjacent Rydberg states
Galen H. Koepke, William F. Young, John M. Ladbury, Jason B. Coder
We examine interference and coexistence testing issues, test methods, and the need to update and develop new test methodologies related to the use of wireless devices in critical infrastructure systems. A case study on interference is presented along with
In this era of inter-connectivity where almost everybody, everything, and anything are networked, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) also known as the Internet of Things (IoT) have emerged as vital systems that use information systems to observe and modify the
Gustavo Avolio, Antonio Raffo, Jeffrey Jargon, Dominique Schreurs, Dylan Williams
This work focuses on the accuracy of nonlinear de-embedding applied to microwave transistor time-domain waveforms. The waveforms are acquired with a mixer-based Large-Signal Network Analyzer (LSNA) and are corrected at the transistor's reference planes by
This incoming Editor In Chief's (EIC) message is expected to appear in the next issue of the IEEE wireless communications. The editorial team will be under the leadership of the new EIC for a period of three years.
Chukwudi A. Okoro, Lyle E. Levine, Yaw S. Obeng, Ruqing Xu
In this work, an experimental study of the influence of Cu through-silicon via (TSV) diameter on stress build up was performed using synchrotron-based X-ray microdiffraction technique. Three Cu TSV diameters were studied; 3 µm, 5 µm and 8 µm, all of which
Ryan Felts, Marc Leh, Tracy A. McElvaney, Dereck R. Orr
The Public Safety community is in a period of great transition. Over the next 20 years, technology advancements will enable data, video, and eventually voice communications to migrate from disparate Land Mobile Radio (LMR) networks to a nationwide public
Dylan F. Williams, Jeffrey A. Jargon, Uwe Arz, Paul D. Hale
We discuss the role of the wave impedance in temporal measurements in rectangular waveguide and present a simple rule-of-thumb for estimating the difference of the temporal electric and magnetic field waveforms supported by the dominant TE10 mode. We also
Tam H. Duong, Jose M. Ortiz, David W. Berning, Allen R. Hefner Jr., Sei-Hyung Ryu, John W. Palmour
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a dynamic electro-thermal simulation and analysis approach for device design and short-circuit safe-operating-area (SOA) characterization using a physics-based electro-thermal Saber®* model. Model parameter
A 2x2 Mach-Zehnder optical switch design with a footprint of 0.5 um x 2.5 um using nanomechanical gap plasmon phase modulators [1] is presented. The extremely small footprint and modest optical loss are enabled by the strong phase modulation of gap
Brian S. Dennis, Michael Haftel, David Czaplewski, Daniel Lopez, Girsh Blumberg, Vladimir Aksyuk
The miniaturization of photonic devices is fundamentally limited by the index of refraction of the constituent materials if light is confined in dielectric nanostructures. By coupling electromagnetic fields to metal's free electrons plasmonic devices
Previous testing has shown that measuring a devices susceptibility to a radiated, broadband signal can present a different set of challenges than those faced when testing with a narrow-band signal. Decisions ranging from choosing a measurement facility to
Richard A. Rouil, Antonio Izquierdo Manzanares, Camillo A. Gentile, David W. Griffith, Nada T. Golmie
The legislation included in the middle class tax relief and job creation act of 2012 established the First Responder Network Authority (FirstNet) for the purpose of deploying and running a nationwide Long Term Evolution (LTE) network for Public Safety
David W. Griffith, Richard A. Rouil, Antonio Izquierdo Manzanares, Nada T. Golmie
The National Public Safety Telecommunications Council (NPSTC) has defined Resiliency as the ability of a network to withstand the loss of assets and to recover quickly from such losses. How to measure the resiliency of a base station deployment is an
Jehoon Yun, YongChae Jeong, David R. Novotny, Jeffrey R. Guerrieri
A wideband coupled transmission line (CTL) cell to measure the operating range of an UHF RFID (ORUR) is presented. Also, an ORUR test system is proposed to increase the isolation to more than 55 dB. It is shown that the ORUR measured by this proposed cell
The cavity model for patch antennas has been used extensively since the 1970s. This model gives excellent first order estimates for the antenna's internal fields near any resonant frequency. While frequently used for planar geometries, there is no reason
Chih-Ming Wang, Catherine A. Remley, Ansgar T. Kirk, Ryan J. Pirkl, Christopher L. Holloway, Dylan F. Williams, Paul D. Hale
In this paper we study statistical methods for estimating the Rician K-factor when this parameter is small. A fiducial approach for making statistical inference on the K-factor is discussed. The approach requires a Monte Carlo method to compute the
Chris Greer, David A. Wollman, Dean Prochaska, Paul A. Boynton, Jeffrey A. Mazer, Cuong Nguyen, Gerald FitzPatrick, Thomas L. Nelson, Galen H. Koepke, Allen R. Hefner Jr., Victoria Yan Pillitteri, Tanya L. Brewer, Nada T. Golmie, David H. Su, Allan C. Eustis, David Holmberg, Steven T. Bushby
Section 1305 of the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 (Pub. L. 110-140) directs NIST ‘‘to coordinate the development of a framework that includes protocols and model standards for information management to achieve interoperability of
The conventional analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) and digital signal processing (DSP) architecture has led to major advances in miniature and micro-systems technology over the past several decades. The outlook for these devices is significantly enhanced
Guarded Hamon transfer standards are used at NIST for scaling to high resistance levels. An improved design for a guarded Hamon transfer standard in the range from 1 TΩ to 100 TΩ is described. Measurements taken to select the primary and guard resistor
We present a photonic-assisted time-domain measurement technique for exploring millimeter-wave propagation through a W-band waveguide. The electric fields, guided inside a rectangular waveguide, are sampled using a sub-millimeter-scale electro-optic probe
Christopher L. Holloway, Joshua A. Gordon, Steven R. Jefferts, Thomas P. Heavner
We present a significantly new approach for an electric (E) field probe. The probe is based on the interaction of RF-fields with Rydberg atoms, where alkali atoms are excited optically to Rydberg states and the applied RF-field alters the resonant state of
It is common for electronic devices to be tested for their susceptibility to radiated signals they may be exposed to during their normal operation. A reverberation chamber is well suited to perform this type of testing because it can expose the device
Nathan D. Orloff, Jan Obrzut, Christian J. Long, Thomas F. Lam, James C. Booth, David R. Novotny, James A. Liddle, Pavel Kabos
The non-uniform fields that occur due to the slot in the cavity through which the sample is inserted and those due to the sample geometry itself decrease the accuracy of dielectric characterization by cavity perturbation at microwave frequencies. To
Kamran Sayrafian, Antonio M. Possolo, Nathalie Yarkony
Kinetic energy harvested from the human body motion seems to be one of the most attractive and convenient solution for wearable wireless sensors in healthcare applications. Due to their small size, such sensors typically have a very limited battery-powered