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A review is given of the physical basis for quantitative surface analysis by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The principal topics discussed are: the
Core level holes which are created in electron emission spectroscopies of atoms and molecules adsorbed or condensed onto metal surfaces induce a screening charge at the surface. The Coulomb interaction between the induced and the hole charge, called the
I present a theory of the electron energy-loss spectra observed in x-ray photoemission from the core levels of solids and report on calculations for the 2s and 2p core levels of Al, Mg, and Na. The calculation takes intrinsic as well as extrinsic plasmons
We investigate the angular distribution of photoelectrons emitted from atoms physisorbed on the surface of a metal. The crystalline electric field of the surface is represented by a small number of point charges in the vicinity of the adatom, and the
J Needham, T J. Driscoll, Cedric J. Powell, R Stein
We report the first results of a method for determining the inelastic attenuation length of low-energy electrons in the surface region of a solid from the yield of characteristic Auger electrons excited by proton bombardment. Samples of evaporated
We have calculated the energy distribution of secondary electrons observed in core-level XPS or core-level synchrotron photoemission experiments on Al. The secondary electrons are produced when the photoexcited primary electrons scatter inelastically from
Photoelectron spectra of gas-phase molecules display sharp vibrational structure. The envelope of the spectrum is determined by the Franck-Condon factor. On the other hand, photoelectron spectra of the same molecules, adsorbed or condensed onto metal
Measurements are made of the transmission of medium energy electrons through in vacuo deposited films in order to determine the inelastic electron mean free path as a function of energy. Films of Al, Ge and Au are deposited in small increments on 20-30 ¿
The angular distribution of electrons ejected in core-valence-valence Auger transitions of atoms chemisorbed on metal surfaces is considered theoretically. Since the valence electrons participating in the Auger transition are also involved in chemical
Photoelectron spectra (hv = 21.22 eV) and thermal desorption data were obtained for CO and H coadsorbed on W(100) at 80 K. When the clean surface is exposed to a saturation dose of H2, subsequent exposure to CO results in the formation of a state whose
Relativistic Hartree-Fock-Wigner-Seitz band calculations have been performed for the actinide metals Ac through Bk in order to estimate the Coulomb term U and 5 f electron excitation energies. Our calculations predict that the tetravalent state (four 6 d-7
Screening or polarization energies (often called "extra-atomic relaxation energies") associated with localized-hole creation in photoelectron spectroscopy in or on metals have been calculated. Following the procedure of Hedin and Lundqvist, the screening
It is shown that the primary contribution to the field-emission current comes from electrons with total momentum equal to zero in a direction parallel to the metal surface and that the field-emission current measures the density of states at a point
By means of soft-x-ray photoemission Citrin and Hamann have observed core level shifts of Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe atoms implanted in the noble metals and have constructed a theoretical model with which to interpret the results. We describe calculations
Mean free paths for electrons in bulk jellium are calculated for electrons with energies from a few hundred to a few thousand eV and for values of r s for 1.5 to 5 where r s is the average distance between valence electrons measured in units of the Bohr