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Fire

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Displaying 3351 - 3375 of 3902

Smoke Control Systems for Elevator Fire Evacuation

February 19, 1991
Author(s)
J H. Klote, G. T. Tamura
Some people cannot use stairwells because of physical disabilities, and for these people fire evacuation is a serious problem. A potential solution to this problem is the use of elevators for fire evacuation. A joint project of the U. S. National Institute

Analysis of Large-Scale Fire Test Data

January 1, 1991
Author(s)
Richard D. Peacock, Vyto Babrauskas
Large-scale room fire testing has evolved from simple fire performance measurements such as intensity and duration of 'room fires' to sophisticated measurements to understand the properties which cause the fire. This paper provides a overview of typical

Role of Bench-Scale Test Data in Assessing Real-Scale Fire Toxicity (NIST TN 1284)

January 1, 1991
Author(s)
Vyto Babrauskas, Richard H. Harris Jr., E Braun, Barbara C. Levin, M Paabo, Richard Gann
The need was seen for establishing a methodology by which bench-scale fire toxicity methods could be validated against real-scale room fires. The present study is the result of a pilot project in this area. Appropriate validation hypotheses have been put

Smoke Emission and Burning Rates for Urban Structures

January 1, 1991
Author(s)
Nelson P. Bryner, George W. Mulholland
Cribs, ordered arrays of sticks, were burned to mimic post-nuclear building fires. As the packing density of the cribs was increased to simulate blast damage, the smoke yield increased and the smoke changed from strongly light absorbing to whitish in color

Signal Detection Efficiency in Multiphoton Ionization Flame Measurements

November 20, 1990
Author(s)
K C. Smyth, P. Tjossem
Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (MPI)has been successfully applied to the detection of numerous free radicals and stable species in flames, including H atom,1 -6 0 atom, 3' 4' 7 C atom, 8'9 CH-,9 CO,5 "10 02,9 NO.W11,1 2 P.,'1 3 CH. 3,8 "145"1HCO

Laboratory Studies of Smoke Properties at NIST Past, Present, and Future

November 1, 1990
Author(s)
George W. Mulholland, Nelson P. Bryner
Burn facilities have been developed at NIST to measure the yield and optical properties of smoke at two fire scales. The small scale apparatus is used for burning samples about 10 cm in diameter (soup bowl size) and an intermediate scale apparatus is used

Heat Release Rate: The Single Most Important Variable in Fire Hazard

October 20, 1990
Author(s)
Vyto Babrauskas, Richard Peacock
Heat release rate measurements are sometimes seen by manufacturers and product users as just another piece of data to gather. It is the purpose of this paper to explain why heat release rate is in fact, the single most important variable in characterizing

Evaluation of Exit Signs in Clear and Smoke Conditions (NISTIR 4399)

August 1, 1990
Author(s)
Belinda L. Collins, Daniel M. Madrzykowski
The present paper provides a short review of the research literature on the visibility of exit signs, directional markings, and emergency lighting. It also presents a study which assessed the visibility of several types of exit signs including conventional

Preliminary Screening Procedures and Criteria for Replacements for Halons 1211 and 1301 (NIST TN 1278)

August 1, 1990
Author(s)
Richard G. Gann, J D. Barnes, S Davis, J S. Harris, Richard H. Harris Jr., J T. Herron, Barbara C. Levin, F I. Mopsik, Kathy A. Notarianni, Marc R. Nyden, M Paabo, Richard E. Ricker
The current halogenated fire suppressants, halons 1301 and 1211, are among the compounds whose production is restricted by the Montreal Protocol of 1987. The objective of this project is to facilitate identification of alternative chemicals by developing

Practical Fin Shapes for Surface-Tension-Drained Condensation

May 1, 1990
Author(s)
Mark A. Kedzierski, R. L. Webb
This paper introduces a new family of high-performance fin profiles for surface-tension-drained condensation. Previously described profiles for this situation have been defined in terms of the fin curvature and arc length. The existing profiles are

Role of R22 in Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Equipment

March 19, 1990
Author(s)
David Didion, R. Cohen, D. R. Tree
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency has recently performed an analysis that shows the need for nearly 100% worldwide-acceptance of total CFC phase out. The adoption of HFCs (for example R134a) and HCFCs (for example R123 and R22) alternatives, at

Prototype Methodology for Fire Hazard Analysis

February 1, 1990
Author(s)
Richard D. Peacock, Richard W. Bukowski
The first version of a method for predicting the hazards to occupants involved in a building fire is described. The method and available computer software, called HAZARD I, can predict the time varying environment within a building resulting from a
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