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Book Chapters

Solidification

Author(s)
William J. Boettinger, Dilip K. Banerjee
In this chapter, we give a general view of the formation of the solid from its melt. This process is generally driven by the extraction of heat from the melt

Metrics of Security

Author(s)
Yi Cheng, Julia Deng, Jason Li, Scott DeLoach, Anoop Singhal, Xinming Ou
Discussion of challenges and ways of improving Cyber Situational Awareness dominated our previous chapters. However, we have not yet touched on how to quantify

Morphological Stability

Author(s)
Robert F. Sekerka, Sam R. Coriell, Geoffrey B. McFadden
The theory of morphological stability provides a dynamical analysis of the stability of the interface that separates phases during a phase transformation. We

Principles of Optical Radiometry and Measurement Uncertainty

Author(s)
Bettye C. Johnson, Howard W. Yoon, Joseph P. Rice, Albert C. Parr
The fundamental concepts of optical radiometry are developed from basic principles, with detailed explanations for radiance, irradiance, and reflectance

Genomic Reference Materials for Clinical Application

Author(s)
Justin M. Zook, Marc L. Salit
Reference Materials are well-characterized, homogeneous, and stable samples that can be used to understand measurement performance. The Genome in a Bottle

Testing of Small-Sized Specimens

Author(s)
Enrico Lucon
An extensive review of the current state-of-the-art of small specimen test technology (SSTT) has been presented, covering a number of experimental techniques

Spectral Emissivity Measurements

Author(s)
Hiromichi Watanabe, Juntaro Ishii, Hidenobu Wakabayashi, Tomoyuki Kumano, Leonard Hanssen
Chapter 9 describes the wide variety of experimental instrumentation and methods used for spectral emissivity measurements at both ambient and elevated

Spectral Fluorescence Measurements

Author(s)
Paul C. DeRose, Joanne C. Zwinkels, James Leland
This chapter covers the topic of spectral fluorescence measurements. These fluorescence measurements offer significant advantages in terms of sensitivity and

Theoretical Concepts in Spectrophotometric Measurements

Author(s)
Thomas A. Germer, Joanne C. Zwinkels, Benjamin K. Tsai
This chapter will describe some of the theoretical concepts of obtaining optical properties from spectrophotometric measurements. The optical properties of

Angle-resolved diffuse reflectance and transmittance

Author(s)
Thomas A. Germer, J C. Stover, Sven Schroeder
This chapter will cover the topic of bidirectional reflectance distribution function [BRDF] measurements. These measurements, like the diffuse reflectance and

Preface and Introduction

Author(s)
Thomas A. Germer, Joanne C. Zwinkels, Benjamin K. Tsai
This constitutes the front matter (preface and introductory chapter) to the book, "Spectrophotometry: Accurate Measurements of the Optical Properties of

Dispersive Methods

Author(s)
Arnold A. Gaertner, Howard Yoon, Thomas Germer
Chapter 3 will discuss dispersive means of obtaining spectral resolution in spectrophotometry. These methods are used to spatially disperse or separate the

Metrology Needs for 2.5D/3D Interconnect

Author(s)
Victor H. Vartanian, Richard A. Allen, Klaus Humler, Steve Olsen, Brian Sapp, Larry Smith
This chapter will focus on the metrology steps to support 2.5D and 3D reference flows employing via-mid copper through-silicon via (TSV) processing, wafer

Viscosity-ratio measurements with capillary viscometers

Author(s)
Robert F. Berg, Eric F. May, Michael R. Moldover
Viscosity-ratio measurements made with capillary viscometers exploit the accurate values of the viscosity of helium resulting from ab initio calculations

Chapter 4: Fourier transform methods

Author(s)
Simon G. Kaplan, Manuel A. Quijada
Chapter 4 describes the use of Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) for accurate spectrophotometry over a wide spectral range. After a brief exposition of the

Frequency Measurement

Author(s)
Michael A. Lombardi
An overview of frequency metrology, with emphasis on estimating accuracy and stability, oscillator types, and measurement instrumentation. It describes how to

Time Measurement

Author(s)
Michael A. Lombardi
An overview of time metrology, with emphasis on time interval measurements, and time synchronization. It covers the evolution of clocks and timekeeping, time

Mapping Return Values of Extreme Wind Speeds

Author(s)
Adam L. Pintar
Structures subjected to wind loads must be designed to perform adequately from the points of view of stress and serviceability. Wind loading specified for
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