U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Book Chapters

Preface and Introduction

Author(s)
Thomas A. Germer, Joanne C. Zwinkels, Benjamin K. Tsai
This constitutes the front matter (preface and introductory chapter) to the book, "Spectrophotometry: Accurate Measurements of the Optical Properties of

Dispersive Methods

Author(s)
Arnold A. Gaertner, Howard Yoon, Thomas Germer
Chapter 3 will discuss dispersive means of obtaining spectral resolution in spectrophotometry. These methods are used to spatially disperse or separate the

Metrology Needs for 2.5D/3D Interconnect

Author(s)
Victor H. Vartanian, Richard A. Allen, Klaus Humler, Steve Olsen, Brian Sapp, Larry Smith
This chapter will focus on the metrology steps to support 2.5D and 3D reference flows employing via-mid copper through-silicon via (TSV) processing, wafer

Viscosity-ratio measurements with capillary viscometers

Author(s)
Robert F. Berg, Eric F. May, Michael R. Moldover
Viscosity-ratio measurements made with capillary viscometers exploit the accurate values of the viscosity of helium resulting from ab initio calculations

Chapter 4: Fourier transform methods

Author(s)
Simon G. Kaplan, Manuel A. Quijada
Chapter 4 describes the use of Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) for accurate spectrophotometry over a wide spectral range. After a brief exposition of the

Frequency Measurement

Author(s)
Michael A. Lombardi
An overview of frequency metrology, with emphasis on estimating accuracy and stability, oscillator types, and measurement instrumentation. It describes how to

Time Measurement

Author(s)
Michael A. Lombardi
An overview of time metrology, with emphasis on time interval measurements, and time synchronization. It covers the evolution of clocks and timekeeping, time

Mapping Return Values of Extreme Wind Speeds

Author(s)
Adam L. Pintar
Structures subjected to wind loads must be designed to perform adequately from the points of view of stress and serviceability. Wind loading specified for

Nonlinear Vibrational Spectrometry

Author(s)
Lee J. Richter
Second order nonlinear spectroscopies such as sum frequency generation (SFG) are intrinsically interface sensitive and enable sub monolayer sensitivity to be

Atomic-level stick-slip

Author(s)
Robert W. Carpick, Rachel J. Cannara, Ashlie Martini
Atomic level stick-slip refers to the behavior of a sliding interface, usually an atomic force microscope tip sliding along a crystalline surface, whereby the

Chapter 13. Color Quality of White LEDs

Author(s)
Yoshihiro Ohno
This chapter overviews the fundamentals of chromaticity and color rendering as the two important aspects of color quality of light sources for general