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Displaying 46251 - 46275 of 73929

Aspects of Practical Radiometry: Terminology, Uncertainty, and Physical Optics

January 1, 2001
Author(s)
Eric L. Shirley, Raju V. Datla
We discuss efforts that have been made to help establish-in practice-a greater uniformity of nomenclature used for various terms in radiometry as well as expression of measurement uncertainty. We also discuss the role of diffraction effects, which account

Atomic Level Surface Metrology

January 1, 2001
Author(s)
Theodore V. Vorburger, Ronald G. Dixson, Jun-Feng Song, Thomas Brian Renegar, Joseph Fu, Ndubuisi George Orji, V W. Tsai, E. C. Williams, H Edwards, D Cook, P West, R Nyffenegger
MotivationSemiconductor wafers and many types of optical elementsrequire ultra-smooth surfaces in order to functionas specifiedExamples:Laser gyro mirrors with rms roughness 0.1 nmSilicon gate oxides with thickness 3 nm,rms roughness must be significantly

Bayesian Approach to Combining Results From Multiple Methods

January 1, 2001
Author(s)
Hung-Kung Liu, Nien F. Zhang
Many solutions to the problem of estimating the consensus mean from the results of multiple methods or laboratories have been proposed. In a Bayesian analysis, the consensus mean is specified through probabilistic dependency as either a ¿parent¿ or a

Bias in the Introduction of Variation as an Orienting Factor in Evolution

January 1, 2001
Author(s)
L Y. Yampolsky, Arlin Stoltzfus
According to New Synthesis doctrine, the direction of evolution is determined by selection and not by internal causes that act by way of propensities of variation. This doctrine rests on the theoretical claim that because mutation rates are small in

Broadband Dielectric Relaxation of Polymer Composite Films

January 1, 2001
Author(s)
C. K. Chiang, R Popielarz, R Nozaki, Jan Obrzut
The broadband dielectric relaxation of a BaTiO3-polymer composite film was studied. The complex dielectric constant data from 10 -4 Hz to 10 10 Hz reveals the existence of a relaxation process at a frequency of 10 MHz in the polymer composite. On the basis
Displaying 46251 - 46275 of 73929
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