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Information Technology / Cybersecurity and privacy

Cryptography

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Displaying 26 - 50 of 136

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

May 9, 2023
Author(s)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Morris J. Dworkin, Meltem Sonmez Turan, Nicky Mouha
In 2000, NIST announced the selection of the Rijndael block cipher family as the winner of theAdvanced Encryption Standard (AES) competition. Three members of the Rijndael family arespecified in this Standard: AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256. These use

Discussion on the Full Entropy Assumption of the SP 800-90 Series

April 14, 2023
Author(s)
Darryl Buller, Aaron Kaufer, Allen Roginsky, Meltem Sonmez Turan
The NIST SP 800-90 series [1][2][3] supports the generation of high-quality random bits for cryptographic and non-cryptographic use. The security strength of a random number generator depends on the unpredictability of its outputs. This unpredictability

Digital Signature Standard (DSS)

February 2, 2023
Author(s)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Lily Chen, Dustin Moody, Andrew Regenscheid, Angela Robinson
This standard specifies a suite of algorithms that can be used to generate a digital signature. Digital signatures are used to detect unauthorized modifications to data and to authenticate the identity of the signatory. In addition, the recipient of signed

Cryptographic Standards in a Post-Quantum Era

November 2, 2022
Author(s)
Dustin Moody, Angela Robinson
If large-scale quantum computers are ever built, they will compromise the security of many commonly used cryptographic algorithms. In response, the National Institute of Standards and Technology is in the process of standardizing new cryptographic

Resistance of Ascon Family against Conditional Cube Attacks in Nonce-Misuse Setting

October 25, 2022
Author(s)
Donghoon Chang, Deukjo Hong, Jinkeon Kang, Meltem Sonmez Turan
Ascon family is one of the finalists of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) lightweight cryptography standardization process. The family includes three Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) schemes: \ascon-128 (primary)

Improving Support-Minors rank attacks: applications to GeMSS and Rainbow

October 12, 2022
Author(s)
John Bayron Baena Giraldo, Pierre Briaud, Daniel Cabarcas Jaramillo, Ray Perlner, Daniel Smith-Tone, Javier Verbel
The Support-Minors (SM) method has opened new routes to attack multivariate schemes with rank properties that were previously impossible to exploit, as shown by the recent attacks of [9, 40] on the Round 3 NIST candidates GeMSS and Rainbow respectively. In

Status Report on the Third Round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process

September 29, 2022
Author(s)
Gorjan Alagic, Daniel Apon, David Cooper, Quynh Dang, Thinh Dang, John M. Kelsey, Jacob Lichtinger, Yi-Kai Liu, Carl A. Miller, Dustin Moody, Rene Peralta, Ray Perlner, Angela Robinson, Daniel Smith-Tone
The National Institute of Standards and Technology is in the process of selecting public-key cryptographic algorithms through a public, competition-like process. The new public-key cryptography standards will specify additional digital signature, public

2F - A New Method for Constructing Efficient Multivariate Encryption Schemes

September 28, 2022
Author(s)
Daniel Smith-Tone
The Support Minors method of solving the MinRank problem has contributed to several new cryptanalyses of post-quantum cryptosystems including some of the most efficient multivariate cryptosystems. While there are a few viable multivariate schemes that are

IPRainbow

September 28, 2022
Author(s)
Ryann Cartor, Max Cartor, Mark Lewis, Daniel Smith-Tone
The Rainbow signature scheme as proposed in [10] is the only multivariate scheme listed as a finalist in round 3 of the NIST post-quantum standardization process. A few recent attacks, including the intersection and rectangular MinRank attacks of [3] and

New Bounds on the Multiplicative Complexity of Boolean Functions

September 11, 2022
Author(s)
Meltem Sonmez Turan
Multiplicative Complexity (MC) is defined as the minimum number of AND gates required to implement a function with a circuit over the basis AND, XOR, NOT}. This complexity measure is relevant for many advanced cryptographic protocols such as fully

Consumer Perspectives on Loss of Support for Smart Home Devices

May 26, 2022
Author(s)
Julie Haney, Susanne M. Furman
Unsupported smart home devices can pose serious safety and security issues for consumers. However, unpatched and vulnerable devices may remain connected because consumers may not be alerted that their devices are no longer supported or do not understand

ZKASP: ZKP-based Attestation of Software Possession for Measuring Instruments

March 9, 2022
Author(s)
Luis Brandao, Carlos Eduardo Cardoso Galhardo, Rene Peralta
Software-controlled measuring instruments used in commercial transactions, such as fuel dispensers and smart meters, are sometimes subject to "memory replacement" attacks. Cybercriminals replace the approved software by a malicious one that then tampers

Privacy-enhancing cryptography to complement differential privacy

November 3, 2021
Author(s)
Luis Brandao, Rene Peralta
In this post, we illustrate how various techniques from privacy-enhancing cryptography, coupled with differential privacy protection, can be used to protect data privacy while enabling data utility. Of notable interest is the setting where there are

Development of the Advanced Encryption Standard

August 16, 2021
Author(s)
Miles E. Smid, James Foti
Strong cryptographic algorithms are essential for the protection of stored and transmitted data throughout the world. This publication discusses the development of Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS) 197, which specifies a

On the Multiplicative Complexity of Cubic Boolean Functions

August 11, 2021
Author(s)
Meltem Sonmez Turan, Rene Peralta
Multiplicative complexity is a relevant complexity measure for many advanced cryptographic protocols such as multi-party computation, fully homomorphic encryption, and zero-knowledge proofs, where processing AND gates is more expensive than processing XOR

Review of the Advanced Encryption Standard

July 23, 2021
Author(s)
Nicky Mouha, Morris Dworkin
The field of cryptography continues to advance at a very rapid pace, leading to new insights that may impact the security properties of cryptographic algorithms. The Crypto Publication Review Board ("the Board") has been established to identify

Status Report on the Second Round of the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Process

July 20, 2021
Author(s)
Meltem Sonmez Turan, Kerry McKay, Donghoon Chang, Cagdas Calik, Lawrence E. Bassham, Jinkeon Kang, John M. Kelsey
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is in the process of selecting one or more authenticated encryption and hashing schemes suitable for constrained environments through a public, competition-like process. In February 2019, 57

On the Effect of Projection on Rank Attacks in Multivariate Cryptography

May 19, 2021
Author(s)
Morten Oygarden, Daniel Smith-Tone, Javier Verbel
The multivariate scheme HFEv- used to be considered a promising candidate for a post-quantum signature system. First suggested in the early 2000s, a version of the scheme made it to the third round of the ongoing NIST post-quantum standardization process

SoK: How (not) to Design and Implement Post-Quantum Cryptography

May 17, 2021
Author(s)
James Howe, Thomas Prest, Daniel Apon
Post-quantum cryptography has known a Cambrian Explosion in the last decade. What started as a very theoretical and mathematical area has now evolved into a sprawling research field, complete with side-channel resistant embedded implementations, large

New Practical Multivariate Signatures from a Nonlinear Modifier

April 1, 2021
Author(s)
Daniel Smith-Tone
Multivariate cryptography is dominated by schemes supporting various modifiers to patch certain algebraic weaknesses. Typically these modifiers are linear in nature--- either requiring an extra composition with an affine map, or being evaluated by a

Improvements of Algebraic Attacks for solving the Rank Decoding and MinRank problems

December 6, 2020
Author(s)
Magali Bardet, Maxime Bros, Daniel Cabarcas, Philippe Gaborit, Ray Perlner, Daniel Smith-Tone, Jean-Pierre Tillich, Javier Verbel
In this paper, we show how to significantly improve algebraic techniques for solving the MinRank problem, which is ubiquitous in multivariate and rank metric code based cryptography. In the case of the structured MinRank instances arising in the latter, we

Observations on COMET

November 16, 2020
Author(s)
Daniel J. Bernstein, Henri Gilbert, Meltem Sonmez Turan
This note provides two observations on COMET, a second round candidate of the NIST lightweight cryptography standardization process. The first observation uses a long message to detect the use of weak keys, whereas the second observation focuses on the
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