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Fire

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Displaying 526 - 550 of 3901

Gas-Phase Interactions of Phosphorus Containing Compounds with Cup-Burner Diffusion Flames

September 20, 2016
Author(s)
Gregory T. Linteris, Fumiaki Takahashi, Viswanath R. Katta, Valeri I. Babushok
The effects of phosphorus-containing compounds (PCC) on the extinguishment and structure of methane-air coflow diffusion flames, in the cup-burner configuration, have been studied computationally. Dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), trimethyl phosphate (TMP

NIST Programs to Advance Accurate, Internationally-Recognized Stack Emissions Measurements

September 15, 2016
Author(s)
Aaron Johnson, Iosif Isaakovich Shinder, Rodney A. Bryant, JohnPaul R. Abbott, Keith A. Gillis, Joey Boyd, James Filla, Michael R. Moldover
Accurate flow measurements are essential to quantify the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other pollutants emitted from power plant stacks. Although protocols have been developed, the uncertainty of stack flow measurements has not been documented. 

Characterizing Indoor Air Quality Performance Using a Graphical Approach

September 14, 2016
Author(s)
Kevin Y. Teichman, Andrew Persily, Steven Emmerich
In this paper, we describe and demonstrate an approach to illustrate the performance of buildings with respect to indoor air quality (IAQ). In the absence of an adequate or agreed-upon IAQ metric(s), we describe a graphical approach to presenting IAQ

Evaluating the Initial Field Performance of HVAC-Cx for Air Handling Units

August 17, 2016
Author(s)
Natascha S. Milesi-Ferretti, Michael A. Galler, Steven T. Bushby
Automated commissioning tools facilitate the ongoing commissioning process to improve occupant comfort, ensure the persistence of correct system operation, and reduce energy consumption. These tools decrease the time and the skill level required to carry

Perspectives of Occupants with Mobility Impairments on Fire Evacuation and Elevators

August 15, 2016
Author(s)
Kathryn M. Butler, Susanne M. Furman, Erica D. Kuligowski, Richard D. Peacock
The purpose of this report is to provide guidance for designers, building managers, and fire emergency personnel on how to improve communication, procedures, and elevator usage during fire emergencies, based on a study of the evacuation experiences of

Alternate Substrates for Measuring Cigarette Ignition Propensity Using ASTM E 2187

August 11, 2016
Author(s)
Richard G. Gann, Edward J. Hnetkovsky, William F. Guthrie
ASTM E 2187 has become the internationally referenced standard for designing and specifying less fire-prone cigarettes. In this Standard, a lit cigarette is placed on a substrate consisting of a number of layers of filter paper. The metric is whether the

Interlaboratory Study of an Alternate Substrate for Use in ASTM E 2187

August 11, 2016
Author(s)
Richard G. Gann, Morgan Bruns, Edward J. Hnetkovsky, William F. Guthrie
ASTM E 2187 has become the internationally referenced standard for designing and specifying less fire-prone cigarettes. In this test method, a lit cigarette is laid on multiple layers of filter paper, and the observer identifies whether the cigarette burns

Thermal Exposure Sensor for Fire Fighters - full-Scale Performance Experiments

July 26, 2016
Author(s)
Nelson P. Bryner, Atul Deshmukh, John Casali, Jeff Lancaster, Roy A. McLane
During structural fire fighting suppression operations, fire fighters wear protective gear to insulate them from the high temperature environment including hot combustion gases, burning surfaces, and thermal radiation. Current turnout gear insulates the

Thermal Exposure Sensor for Fire Fighters - Laboratory-Scale Performance Experiments

July 26, 2016
Author(s)
Nelson P. Bryner, Atul Deshmukh, John Casali, Jeff Lancaster, Roy A. McLane
During structural fire fighting operations, fire fighters wear protective gear to insulate them from high temperature environments, including hot combustion gases, burning surfaces, and thermal radiation. Current turnout gear insulates the fire fighter to

Effects of Wind Speed and Angle on Fire Spread along Privacy Fences

July 25, 2016
Author(s)
Erik L. Johnsson, Alexander Maranghides
A series of experiments was conducted to examine fire spread along fences subjected to wind at various speeds and angles. Specifically, sections of western redcedar, California redwood, or vinyl privacy fences were ignited with a burner. Wind fields of 9 m

Influence of Antimony-Halogen Additives on Flame Propagation

July 8, 2016
Author(s)
Valeri I. Babushok, Peter Deglmann, Gregory T. Linteris, Roland H. Kraemer
A kinetic model for flame inhibition by antimony-halogen compounds in hydrocarbon flames is developed. Thermodynamic data for the relevant species are assembled from the literature, and calculations are performed for a large set of additional species of Sb

Influence of Hydrocarbon Moiety of DMMP on Flame Propagation in Lean Mixtures

July 7, 2016
Author(s)
Gregory T. Linteris, Valeri I. Babushok, Viswanath R. Katta, Fumiaki Takahashi
Phosphorus-containing compounds (PCCs) have been found to be significantly more effective than CF3Br for reducing burning velocity when added to stoichiometric hydrocarbon-air flames. However, when added to lean flames, DMMP (dimethylmethylphosphonate) is

Pros and Cons of Egress Drills

July 4, 2016
Author(s)
Steve Gwynne, Karen E. Boyce, Erica D. Kuligowski, Daniel Nilsson, Amanda Robbins, Ruggiero Lovreglio
This article explores how egress drills are currently employed, their impact, and the insights gained from them. By investigating their strengths and limitations, this article suggests opportunities for enhancement through the use of other egress models to

Operation Tomodachi -Fire Research Special Issue

July 1, 2016
Author(s)
Samuel L. Manzello, Sayaka Suzuki
NIST’s Engineering Laboratory (EL-NIST) hosted “Operation Tomodachi – Fire Research” on March 16-18, 2015 in Gaithersburg, MD USA. Tomodachi means friendship in Japanese. This workshop was organized by Dr. Samuel L. Manzello of EL-NIST in partnership with

Numerical modeling of heat transfer in steel-concrete composite slabs

June 10, 2016
Author(s)
Jian Jiang, Joseph A. Main, Jonathan M. Weigand, Fahim Sadek
This paper presents detailed and reduced-order numerical modeling of heat transfer in composite floor slabs with profiled steel decking. The detailed modeling approach represents the concrete slab with solid elements and the steel decking with shell

Movement on Stairs During Building Evacuations

June 8, 2016
Author(s)
Richard D. Peacock, Paul A. Reneke, Erica D. Kuligowski, Robert C. Hagwood
The time that it takes an occupant population to reach safety when descending a stair during building evacuations is typically estimated by measureable engineering variables such as stair geometry, speed, stair density, and pre-observation delay. In turn

High-temperature material constitutive models for structural-fire analysis

June 7, 2016
Author(s)
Chao Zhang, Lisa Choe, John L. Gross
The applicability of three steel constitutive models was evaluated using finite-element analyses and various member capacity equations. Three different high-temperature stress-strain models were compared: the model recently developed by the National
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