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Displaying 3076 - 3100 of 3902

Mixing Behavior of Absolutely Unstable Axisymmetric Shear Layers Forming Side Jets

January 1, 1997

Author(s)

William M. Pitts, A W. Johnson

Recently it has been shown that low-density axisymmetric jets can become absolutely unstable and develop highly coherent vortical structures in the near-field shear layer. These jets have several unusual properties when compared to jets which are

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Thermal Degradation of Nano-Confined Polypropylene

January 1, 1997

Author(s)

Marc R. Nyden, Jeffrey W. Gilman

Molecular dynamics simulations of the thermal degradation of polymer nanocomposites were performed in an attempt to explain the reduction in the flammability of these materials, as compared to the pure polymer, that has been observed in experimental

Performance of R-22 Alternative Refrigerants in a System With Cross-Flow and Counter-Flow Heat Exchangers (NISTIR 5945)

January 1, 1997

Author(s)

M H. Kim, Piotr A. Domanski, David Didion

This report presents results of performance tests of R-22 and four alternative fluids, R-134a, R-32/134a (30/70), R-407C, and R-410A, at operating conditions typical for a residential heat pump. The study was performed in an experimental breadboard water

Physical Modeling of Intumescent Fire Retardant Polymers

January 1, 1997

Author(s)

Kathryn M. Butler

Intumescent chemical systems are designed to swell into a thick, robust foam upon exposure to heat, protecting the underlying material from fire by providing a physical barrier to heat and mass transfer. The mechanisms determining the fire-resistant

Radiative Emission Fraction of Pool Fires Burning Silicone Fluids

January 1, 1997

Author(s)

R Buch, Anthony Hamins, K Konishi, D. Mattingly, Takashi Kashiwagi

The steady-state mass burning flux and the radiative flux profiles to the surroundings were measured for a series of burning silicone fluids and organic fuels in 0.1-m, 0.3-m, 0.6-m and 1-m pool burners. Short-chain silicone oligomers and aliphatic

Short-Duration Autoignition Temperature Measurements for Hydrocarbon Fuels Near Heated Metal Surfaces

January 1, 1997

Author(s)

K C. Smyth, Nelson P. Bryner

An apparatus has been designed, built, and extensivley tested for making short-duration autoignition temperature measurements of hydrocarbon fuels under atmospheric pressure conditions where the fuel/air stoichiometry, the nature of the hot metal surface

Simple Piezoelectric Droplet Generator

January 1, 1997

Author(s)

Jiann C. Yang, W. S. Chien, M D. King, William L. Grosshandler

A design for a piezoelectric on-demand droplet generator is presented. Its simple construction and ease of operation distinguish this generator from other previously reported. The droplet generator has been successfully used to produce droplets of aqueous

Smoke Plume Trajectory From In Situ Burning of Crude Oil in Alaska: Field Experiments and Modeling of Complex Terrain (NISTIR 5958)

January 1, 1997

Author(s)

Kevin B. McGrattan, Howard R. Baum, William D. Walton, J. J. Trelles

A combination of numerical modeling and large scale experimentation has yielded a tremendous amount of information about the structure, trajectory and composition of smoke plumes from large crude oil fires. The model, ALOFT (A Large Outdoor Fire plume

Influence of CF3I, CF3Br, and CF3H on the High-Temperature Combustion of Methane

December 1, 1996

Author(s)

Valeri I. Babushok, T Noto, D R. Burgess, Anthony P. Hamins, Wing Tsang

The effects of a number of flame retardants (CF3I, CF3Br, and CF3H) on the high-temperature reactions of methane with air in a plug flow reactor are studied by numerical simulations using the Sandia Chemkin Code. The dependence of (a) the ignition dely and

Modeling and Measurements of Soot and Species in a Laminar Diffusion Flame.

December 1, 1996

Author(s)

I. M. Kennedy, C Yam, D. C. Rapp, R J. Santoro, Wing Tsang

A model of laminar, soot-laden ethene diffusion flames has been developed and compared with measurements in nonsooting and sooting flames. Concentrations of stable gas-phase species were measured with mass spectrometry; laser-induced fluorescence was used

Simulating the Effects of HVAC Induced Air Flow From Slot Diffusers on Detector Response (NISTIR 5908)

December 1, 1996

Author(s)

J H. Klote, Glenn P. Forney, William D. Davis, Richard W. Bukowski

Rapid activation of fire protection systems in response to a growing fire is one of the important factors required to provide for life safety and property protection. Airflow due to the heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) system can

Horizontal Flow Boiling of Alternative Refrigerants Within a Fluid Heated Micro-Fin Tube.

November 16, 1996

Author(s)

M P. Kaul, Mark A. Kedzierski, David Didion

This paper presents local, fluid-heated, flow boiling measurements for three refrigerant mixtures: [1] R410B (R32/125, 45/55 % mass), [2] R32R134a (28/72 % mass) and [3] R407C (R32/125/134a, 25/23/52 % mass). Flow boiling heat transfer coefficients for the

Aerosol and SPGG Technology Fire Suppression Screening Methods (NISTIR 5904)

October 28, 1996

Author(s)

William L. Grosshandler, Jiann C. Yang, Thomas G. Cleary

The search for alternatives to halons for fire suppression applications has identified not only new compounds which have physical properties similar to the bromochlorofluorocarbon family, but also inert gaseous agents that are released from a solid state

Analytical Model of Pyrolysis for a Finite Thickness Sample on a Semi-Infinite Base (NISTIR 5904)

October 28, 1996

Author(s)

Kathryn M. Butler

To test the flammability of materials, a sample is placed on a substrate and exposed to a uniform heat flux. Measurements include sample mass and upper and lower surface temperatures as functions of time. Several analytical models have been developed in an

Combustion of Polymethylmethacrylate Spheres at Normal and Reduced Gravity (NISTIR 5904)

October 28, 1996

Author(s)

Jiann C. Yang, Anthony P. Hamins, N Gorchkov, M Glover

Polymer combustion is a highly complicated process where chemical reactions may occur not only in the gas phase, but also in the condensed phase as well as at the solid-gas interphase. The complication arises due to the coupling between the condensed phase

Heat Flux Calibration Flow and Conduction Facilities: Status Report

October 28, 1996

Author(s)

Kenneth D. Steckler, William L. Grosshandler

Standard methods exist at NIST for calibrating thermal radiation detectors up to 10 kW/m2 using blackbody caviies, and up to 40kW/m2 using a monochromatic laser source. Heat Flux transducers, however, are often used under conditions where convection

Limiting Throttling Losses by Intracycle Evaporative Cooling

October 20, 1996

Author(s)

B. S. Kim, Piotr A. Domanski

The temperature glide of zeotropic mixtures during phase change provides the opportunity to limit throttling losses of the refrigerant leaving the condenser. The difference between the intracycle evaporative cooling and the liquid-line/suction-line heat

Comparison of CFAST Predictions to Real Scale Fire Tests

October 15, 1996

Author(s)

Walter W. Jones, J. L. Bailey, P. A. Tatem, Glenn P. Forney

This paper describes a new algorithm of the Consolidated Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (CFAST) fire model and compares to data from real scale fire tests conducted onboard the ex-USS SHADWELL, the Navy's R&D Damage Control Platform. The new phenomenon

Applications of Molecular Dynamics to the Study of Thermal Degradation in Polymers (NISTIR 5904)

October 1, 1996

Author(s)

Marc R. Nyden

The flammability of polymeric materials is a major concern which impacts public safety and limits their use in buildings, ships, aircraft and clothing. Unfortunately, the traditional "trail and error" approach to the design of fire resistant materials is

Computations of Inhibition Effectiveness of Halogenated Compounds in Premixed Flames (NISTIR 5904)

October 1, 1996

Author(s)

Valeri I. Babushok, T Noto, Anthony P. Hamins, Wing Tsang

The burning velocity is an important parameter which characterizes the inhibition efficiency of halon-containing additives employed as flame retardants. The burning velocity decreased with increasing inhibitor concentration. Rosser et al. studied

Distributed Detection for Tomographic Measurements of Component Concentrations in Fire Generated Plumes (NISTIR 5904)

October 1, 1996

Author(s)

R T. Baum, Kevin B. McGrattan, Marc R. Nyden

One of the major goals of fire research is to develop the capability to make realistic assessments of fire impact and risk by utilizing models. Currently the large scale fire/plume models may not be validated and hence calculations which may have a large

Evaporation of a Small Aqueous Suppressing Agent Droplet (NISTIR 5904)

October 1, 1996

Author(s)

W. S. Chien, Jiann C. Yang, M D. King, William L. Grosshandler

Due to its ozone-depleting potential, halon 1301 (CF3Br) has been banned from production under the Montreal Protocol. The research for halon replacement(s) has led to the reconsideration of using water in certain applications. However, under cold storage

Evaluation of Flammable Refrigerants for Use in a Water-to-Water Residential Heat Pump

September 3, 1996

Author(s)

D K. Choi, Piotr A. Domanski, David Didion

This paper evaluates the performance of R-22, R-290, R-290/600a (70/30), and R-32/152a (50/50) for application in a water-to-water residential heat pump for space cooling and heating. The tests were performed in a laboratory apparatus at different

Computations of Enhanced Soot Production in Time-Varying CH4/Air Diffusion Flames

September 1, 1996

Author(s)

C. R. Kaplan, C. R. Shaddix, K C. Smyth

Recent experimental measurements of soot volume fraction in a flickering CH4/air diffusion flame show that for conditions in which the tip of the flame is clipped, soot productions is ~ 5 times greater than that measured for a steady flame burning with the

Intracycle Evaporative Cooling in a Vapor Compression Cycle (NISTIR 5873)

September 1, 1996

Author(s)

B. S. Kim, Piotr A. Domanski

The temperature glide of zeotropic mixtures during phase change provides the opportunity to limit throttling losses of the refrigeration cycle by intracycle evaporative cooling of the refrigerant leaving the condenser. Intracycle evaporative cooling is

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