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Chemistry

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Displaying 651 - 675 of 1916

Comparison of Diesel Fuel Oxygenates with Composition-Explicit Distillation Curve Method Part 1: Linear Compounds with One to Three Oxygens

May 2, 2011
Author(s)
Thomas J. Bruno, Tara Lovestead, Jennifer Riggs, Erica Jorgensen, Marcia L. Huber
There is a great deal of interest in formulating oxygenated diesel fuels that produce low particulate emissions. The most common oxygenating additives for diesel fuels include the glycol ethers, glycol esters, alcohols, ethers and ketones. It is important

X-ray Emission Spectroscopy of Nitrogen-rich Compounds

March 31, 2011
Author(s)
Terrence J. Jach, Fernando D. Vila, W. T. Elam, J. D. Denlinger, John J. Rehr
Non-resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy was used to compare the nitrogen-rich compounds ammonium nitrate, trinitrotoluene, and cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine. They are representative of crystalline and molecular structures of special importance in

Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) and Related Chemicals, Chapter 1 in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No.52, 516 pp., World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.

March 30, 2011
Author(s)
Stephen A. Montzka, S. Reimannander, Andreas Engel, Kirstin Kruger, O?Doherty Simon, William T. Sturges , Donald R. Blake , Marcel Dorf Dorf, Paul J. Fraser , Lucien Froidevaux , Kenneth Jucks, Karin Kreher, Michael J. Kurylo III, Abdelwahid Mellouki , John Miller , Ole J. Nielsen , Vladimir L. Orkin, Ronald G. Prinn , Robert Rhew , Michelle L. Santee , Andreas Stohl , Daniel P. Verdonik
The present document will be part of the information upon which the Parties to the United Nations Montreal Protocol will base their future decisions regarding protection of the stratospheric ozone layer. OVERVIEW It has been recognized since the 1970s that

Quantification and Compensation of Unintentional Analyte Aggregation in Electrospray Sampling

March 30, 2011
Author(s)
Mingdong M. Li, Suvajyoti S. Guha, Rebecca A. Zangmeister, Michael J. Tarlov, Michael R. Zachariah
Electrospray (ES) sources are commonly used to introduce non-volatile materials (e.g. nanoparticles, proteins, etc.) in to the gas phase for characterization by mass spectrometry and ion mobility. Recent studies in our group using electrospray ion mobility

A Human Urine Standard Reference Materials for Accurate Assessment of Arsenic Exposure

March 17, 2011
Author(s)
Lee L. Yu, Carl Verdon, William C. Davis, Gregory C. Turk, Kathleen Caldwell, Robert Jones, Brian Buckley, Ruimin Xie
Arsenic is a toxic element, and the toxicity of the element is dependent upon the molecular form it is in. Accurate assessments of arsenic exposure require the measurement of a complete panel of inorganic, organic, and metabolite As species in urine

High Accuracy Measurements of OH Reaction Rate Constants and IR and UV Absorption Spectra: Ethanol and Partially Fluorinated Ethyl Alcohols.

March 4, 2011
Author(s)
Vladimir L. Orkin, Victor Khamaganov, Larissa E. Martynova, Michael J. Kurylo III
Rate constants for the gas phase reactions of OH radicals with ethanol and three fluorinated ethyl alcohols, CH3CH2OH (k0), CH2FCH2OH (k1), CHF2CH2OH (k2), and CF3CH2OH (k3) were measured using a flash photolysis resonance-fluorescence technique over the

Rate Constants for the Reactions between OH and Perfluorinated Alkenes

February 20, 2011
Author(s)
Vladimir L. Orkin, Gregory A. Poskrebyshev, Michael J. Kurylo III
The rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with fully fluorinated alkenes containing different number of –CF3 groups next to olefinic carbon, CF2=CF2, CF2=CFCF3, CF3CF=CFCF3, (CF3)2C=CFC2F5 were measured using the flash photolysis resonance

Nanomaterial Toxicity: Emerging Standards and Efforts to Support Standards Development

February 1, 2011
Author(s)
Laurie E. Locascio, Vytautas Reipa, Justin M. Zook, Richard C. Pleus
For the first time in the history of industrialization, nanotechnology offers the unique opportunity to consider material safety ahead of its full implementation. Many scientists around the world have been motivated by this and are working on developing

Present Estimates of the Differences Between Thermodynamic Temperatures and the ITS-90

January 29, 2011
Author(s)
Joachim Fischer, M. DePodesta, K. D. Hill, Michael R. Moldover, Laurent Pitre, R. Rusby, Peter Steur, Osamu Tamura, R. White, L. Wolber
In 2005, the Consultative Committee for Thermometry (CCT) recommended the creation of a Mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin and envisioned that future versions of the Mise en pratique would recommend values of the differences between

Influence of substrate on crystallization in polythiophene/fullerene blends

January 13, 2011
Author(s)
Lee J. Richter, Christine He, David Germack, R Joseph Kline, Dean DeLongchamp, Daniel A. Fischer, Chad R. Snyder, James G. Kushmerick
The nanoscale morphology of the active layer in organic, bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells is crucial to device performance. Often a combination of casting conditions and post deposition thermal treatment are used to optimize the morphology. In general

Variables in the Quantification of CD4 in Normals and Hairy Cell Leukemia Patients

January 3, 2011
Author(s)
Gerald E. Marti, William G. Stetler-Stevenson, Fatima Abbasi, Gregory A. Jasper, Robert J. Kreitman, Lili Wang
Background: Quantitative flow cytometry (QFCM) is being applied in the clinical flow cytometry laboratory. Quantitative normal T-cell CD4 expression represents a biologic standard and quality control agent. However, Low levels of CD4 expression were
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