OSAC Lexicon

The use of biological modeling (i.e., statistical modeling informed by biological data), statistical theory, computer algorithms, and/or probability distributions to infer genotypes and/or calculate likelihood ratios

Software, or software and hardware, which utilizes a probabilistic genotyping approach to infer genotypes and/or calculate likelihood ratios

A quantified measure between zero and one indicating how probable or likely it is that an event will or has occurred. In the frequentist interpretation, probability is based on the rates at which events occur. In the Bayesian interpretation, probability reflects a degree of belief. On this scale, zero indicates impossibility and one indicates absolute certainty.

An expression of the chance that a particular event occurs. A probability may be empirically, classically, or subjectively derived.

An expression of the chance that a particular event occurs.

The probability that two individual samples would have the same multilocus genotype.

The probability that two sibling individuals selected at random from a population have the same multilocus genotype.

Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances known to the officer would warrant a prudent person to believe a crime had been committed and the accused had committed it or that the evidence will be found in the place to be searched.

Possessing the potential to provide information that may be valuable to an investigation.

Specified way to carry out an activity or a process. 1) Procedures can be documented or not. 2) When a procedure is documented, the term written procedure or documented procedure is frequently used. The document that contains a procedure can be called a procedure document.

specified way to carry out an activity or a process
Note 1 to entry: In this context, a process is defined as a set of interrelated or interacting activities that use inputs to deliver an intended result.
[SOURCE:ISO 9000:2015, 3.4.5, modified — The original Note to entry has been replaced with a new Note to entry.]
 

set of interrelated or interacting activities which transforms inputs into outputsNOTE Adapted from ISO 9000:2005, definition 3.4.1.

Ordinate values that have been processed (e.g., trimmed, filtered, and/or interpolation applied).

Any image that has undergone enhancement, restoration, or other operation. (SWGDOC D01)

result of a processNOTE 1 Four generic product categories are noted in ISO 9000:2005:- services (e.g. transport) (see definition in 3.4);- software (e.g. computer program, dictionary); - hardware (e.g. engine, mechanical part);- processed materials (e.g. lubricant).Many products comprise elements belonging to different generic product categories. Whether the product is then calledservice, software, hardware or processed material depends on the dominant element.NOTE 2 Products include results of natural processes, such as growth of plants and formation of other naturalresources.NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO/IEC 17000:2004, definition 3.3.

ion formed as the product of a reaction involving a precursor ion

A change of behavior of the canine followed by a positive indication that can be confirmed by the canine handler.

See combustion products.

An evaluation during training; a tool to assess a canine team's ability.

evaluation of participant performance using pre-established criteria by means of interlaboratory or intralaboratory comparisons.

Also referenced in ASTM E1732-24ae1 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science, ANSI/ASTM E1301-95 Standard Guide for Proficiency Testing by Interlaboratory Comparisons, ANSI/ASB Standard 153 Standard Practices for Proficiency Testing for Forensic Toxicology Laboratories and Breath Alcohol Programs.

evaluation of participant performance against pre-established criteria by means of interlaboratory comparison

Single complete sequence of distribution of proficiency test items, and the evaluation and reporting of the results to the participants. (Source: ISO/IEC 17043:2010, 3.10) 

Proficiency testing designed and operated in one or more rounds for a specified area of testing, measurement, calibration or inspection. (Source: ISO/IEC 17043:2010, 3.11)

All-encompassing plan of action aimed at accomplishing a clear objective that meets a defined need. i.e. the instruction for completing the training, certification, and documentation requirements within a detection canine discipline.

An object propelled with an initial velocity then acted upon by gravity, air drag, and other outside forces. 

NOTE A projectile can be complete, fragmented, or other ejected material.

Any portion of a projectile that retains characteristics permitting it to be identified as having been part of a projectile.

Damage determined to have been caused by a projectile.

A skeletal defect often produced by high-velocity impact over a relatively small surface area, typically by projectiles from firearms, but can result from any small object impacting a bone at a high velocity.

A previously learned association that stimulates the initiation of a response. Instructions, gestures, physical guidance and modeling cues serve as prompts to the canine.

A training technique that aims to teach the canine to ignore all odors/scents except target odors/scents.

an explosive material which undergoes rapid and predictable combustion (without detonation) resulting in a large volume of hot gas. 

A system of printing where the character spacing is set in accordance with the character width (see

Relative size of characters, elements of characters, or of words.

A statement or assertion about the origin or nature of the materials under examination, which is either true or false.

A statement that is either true or false, the truth of which is uncertain. ISO 21043-1[mod]a

Hypotheses about the actual state of nature or an event, which is unknown or unknowable. Not to be confused with “conclusions” nor “source conclusions” (refer to those definitions for further clarification).

Awareness of the relative body position in space at rest and during movement.