OSAC Lexicon
The OSAC Lexicon is a compendium of forensic science terms and definitions. This terminology tool was created to help bring consistency and understanding to the way terms are used by the various forensic science. Use of the OSAC Lexicon does not replace the need to reference the original published source.
The terms and definitions in the OSAC Lexicon come from the published literature, including documentary standards and technical reports. It is continually updated with the latest work from OSAC units, as well as terms from newly published documentary standards and standards elevated to the OSAC Registry.
Gradually terms are evaluated and harmonized by the OSAC to a single term. This process results in an OSAC Preferred Term. An OSAC Preferred Term is a term, along with its definition, that has undergone review and evaluation by the FSSB Terminology Task Group and has been approved by the FSSB. The FSSB recommends that subcommittees use OSAC Preferred Terms when drafting standards.
The OSAC Lexicon should be the primary resource for terminology and used when drafting and editing forensic science standards and other OSAC work products.
Viewing a sample on a compound microscope that has been fitted with special filters that orient the light rays, providing analytical information about the sample.
A process whereby a document is sealed between two sheets of polyester film to preserve, stabilize, and facilitate handling.
A process whereby a document is sealed between two sheets of polyester film to preserve, stabilize, and facilitate handling.
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of nucleic acids on preexisting nucleic acid templates.
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of nucleic acids on preexisting nucleic acid templates.
An enzymatic process by which a specific region of DNA is replicated during repetitive cycles that consist of the following: denaturation of the template; annealing of primers to complementary sequences at an empirically determined temperature; and extension of the bound primers by a DNA polymerase. The goal of the PCR process is to generate many copies (termed products or amplicons) of a specific region of DNA for further analysis.
An enzymatic process by which a specific region of DNA is replicated during repetitive cycles that consist of the following: denaturation of the template; annealing of primers to complementary sequences at an empirically determined temperature; and extension of the bound primers by a DNA polymerase. The goal of the PCR process is to generate many copies (termed products or amplicons) of a specific region of DNA for further analysis.
The analytical process by which targeted segments of DNA are replicated during repetitive cycles of heating to denaturation, and cooling to anneal primer oligonucleotides and extend DNA sequences to enhance detection of DNA fragments.
An enzymatic process by which a specific region of DNA is replicated during repetitive cycles that consist of the following: denaturation of the template; annealing of primers to complementary sequences at an empirically determined temperature; and extension of the bound primers by a DNA polymerase. The goal of the PCR process is to generate many copies (termed products or amplicons) of a specific region of DNA for further analysis.
An enzymatic process by which a specific region of DNA is replicated during repetitive cycles that consist of the following: denaturation of the template; annealing of primers to complementary sequences at an empirically determined temperature; and extension of the bound primers by a DNA polymerase. The goal of the PCR process is to generate many copies (termed products or amplicons) of a specific region of DNA for further analysis.
An enzymatic process by which a specific region of DNA is replicated during repetitive cycles that consist of the following: denaturation of the template; annealing of primers to complementary sequences at an empirically determined temperature; and extension of the bound primers by a DNA polymerase. The goal of the PCR process is to generate many copies (termed products or amplicons) of a specific region of DNA for further analysis.
The occurrence in a population of two or more alleles or physical traits at a genetic locus. This variation within a population permits the differentiation of individuals via DNA testing or physical traits.
The occurrence in a population of two or more alleles or physical traits at a genetic locus. This variation within a population permits the differentiation of individuals via DNA testing or physical traits.
crystallization into two or more chemically identical but crystallographically distinct forms.
hydrocarbon consisting of two or more fused aromatic rings.
Discussion—Common examples include naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene. Also known as polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) or condensed ring aromatic.
Dental casting material formulated to render fine detail.
A group of organisms of the same species in a defined geographic area, such that any pair of members can interbreed.
Individuals grouped by shared factors such as geography, biology, culture, language, etc.
the totality of items or units of material under consideration.
Discussion—The word "items" may be interpreted in the sense of measurements, or possible measurements, of a single characteristic, or occasionally for multiple characteristics, on all items or units of material being considered. The word "totality" may refer to items not available for inclusion in samples as well as those which are available.
totality of items under consideration.
Discussion—Note that a population may be real and finite, real and infinite, or completely hypothetical.
A group of organisms of the same species in a defined geographic area such that any pair of members can interbreed.
A group of organisms of the same species in a defined geographic area, such that any pair of members can interbreed.
A measure (e.g., distance, probability of membership) of similarity between the individual and reference groups (see Annex A).
The study of genes and allele frequencies in populations.
The existence of subpopulations with different allele frequencies.
in facial identification, the orientation of the face with respect to the camera, consisting of pitch, roll, and yaw.
Assignment of tooth numbers based upon the location of the teeth. This is in contrast tomorphological tooth numbering, which assigns a tooth number based upon position,the shape of the tooth. For most cases, the tooth number assignment would be the same.Differences arise only in unusual cases.
A trained detection alert in the presence of the target odor/scent.
A trained detection alert in the presence of the target odor/scent.
A trained detection alert in the presence of the target odor/scent.
A trained detection alert in the presence of the target scent
A trained detection alert in the presence of the target scent
A test sample like the case sample(s) that contains the analyte(s) of interest at a known concentration
An analytical control sample that is used to determine if a test performed properly. This control consists of the test reagents and a known sample that will provide a positive response in the test.
a material of established origin that is used to confirm that a procedure will produce the expected result.
An analytical control sample that is used to determine if a test performed properly; this control consists of the test reagents and a known sample that will provide an expected positive response with the test. NOTE For DNA testing, positive controls include positive amplification controls and may include extraction positive controls.
An analytical control sample that is used to determine if a test performed properly. This control consists of the test reagents and a known sample that will provide a positive response in the test.
An integer greater or equal to 1. The value 0 is not included in this use of the term.
A type of search conducted in a specific area in which an existing human scent in the environment matches that of the scent article presented to the canine.
A type of search conducted in a specific area in which an existing human scent in the environment is associated with the scent article presented to the canine.
Within this document the positive predictive value is defined as the fraction of identifications that correspond to true known matches, TP/(TP+FP) where TP (True Positives) is the number of correctly identified Known Matches and FP (False Positives) is the number of Known Non-Matches incorrectly determined to be an Identification.
A reward given after a response or as the response occurs that increases the probability of that response recurring. For example, if a canine is rewarded for sitting by being given a treat the canine is more likely to sit again.
Checking to confirm that the natural (or usual) inputs yield the expected output.
Upon presentation of the reward article, the canine takes the article without hesitation, and maintains a firm grip.