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Fire

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Displaying 3226 - 3250 of 3902

Computer Simulation of the Liquid Agent Spray Motion and Evaporation

July 18, 1994
Author(s)
G. Gmurczyk, Leonard Y. Cooper, William L. Grosshandler, William M. Pitts
The discharge of a liquid fire extinguishing agent stored in a pressurized vessel through an orifice generates a freely moving spray outside the vessel. The flow has been modeled as a two-phase, three-component, turbulent, compressible, dissipative flow

Discharge Characteristics of Cryogenic Fluids From a Pressurized Vessel

July 18, 1994
Author(s)
Jiann C. Yang, William M. Pitts, B D. Breuel, G. Gmurczyk, William J. Rinkinen, W G. Cleveland
An experimental technique to study the rapid release of liquid cryogenic fluids from a pressurized vessel orientated downward is described. A rupture disc was used as the release mechanism. Experimental observations were made on the discharge

New Concepts for Fire Protection of Passenger Rail Transportation Vehicles

July 13, 1994
Author(s)
Richard D. Peacock, Richard W. Bukowski, Walter W. Jones, Paul A. Reneke
Recent advances in guided ground transportation, fire test methods, and hazard analysis necessitate re-examination of requirements for fire safety. Several studies have indicated nearly random ability of current tests to predict actual fire behavior. A

Beam-to-Column Connections for Precast Concrete Moment-Resisting Frames

May 16, 1994
Author(s)
Geraldine S. Cheok, William C. Stone, J Stanton, D Seagren
Precast concrete frame construction is not used extensively in seismic regions of the USA. The UBC [ICBO, 1991] currently permits only certain specific building systems to be used and a precast frame is not one of them. The reason is that extensive

Acid Gas Production in Inhibited Diffusion Flames

May 3, 1994
Author(s)
Gregory T. Linteris, M D. King, A Liu, C A. Womeldorf, Y. E. Hsin
The proposed replacements to halon 1301, mainly fluorinated and chlorinated hydrocarbons, are expected to be required in significantly higher concentrations than CF3Br to extinguish fires. At these higher concentrations the by-products of the inhibited

Fire Conditions for Smoke Toxicity Measurement

May 1, 1994
Author(s)
Richard G. Gann, V Babrauskas, Richard D. Peacock, J R. Hall
This paper identifies those fire conditions most often present when smoke toxicity is the cause of death. It begins with a review of the evidence that smoke-inhalation deaths are in the majority in fire fatalities in the United States. Next, there is an

Agent Stability Under Storage and Discharge Residue (NIST SP 861)

April 1, 1994
Author(s)
Richard D. Peacock, Thomas G. Cleary, Richard H. Harris Jr.
Halon 1301 is known to be stable in metal containers for many years. Any by-products do not affect its fire suppression effectiveness or result in an unacceptable residue. For candidate replacement chemicals, comparable data are needed, reflecting the

Executive Summary (NIST SP 861)

April 1, 1994
Author(s)
William L. Grosshandler, Richard G. Gann, William M. Pitts
Bromotrifluoromethane (halon 1301 or CF3Br) has been the fire-fighting agent of choice for decades to protect inaccessible spaces aboard aircraft in flight because of its inherent ability to inhibit combustion while possessing a high liquid density and

Flame Inhibition Chemistry and the Search for Additional Fire Fighting Chemicals (NIST SP 861)

April 1, 1994
Author(s)
Marc R. Nyden, Gregory T. Linteris, Donald R. Burgess Jr., P R. Westemoreland, Wing Tsang, Michael R. Zachariah
Replacements for the current commercial halons should posses a diverse set of properties which are rarely found together in the same molecule. Thus, the ideal candidate for the replacement of halon 1301 would be a nontoxic gas which is reactive in flames

Flame Suppression Effectiveness (NIST SP 861)

April 1, 1994
Author(s)
Anthony P. Hamins, G. Gmurczyk, William L. Grosshandler, R. G. Rehwoldt, I Vazquez, Thomas G. Cleary, Cary Presser, K Seshadri
A flame will be extinguished when the time required for the chain reaction which sustains combustion exceeds the time it takes to replenish the necessary heat and reactants. A characteristic time for reaction can be estimated from the inverse of a global

Fluid Dynamics of Agent Discharge (NIST SP 861)

April 1, 1994
Author(s)
William M. Pitts, Jiann C. Yang, G. Gmurczyk, Leonard Y. Cooper, William L. Grosshandler, W G. Cleveland, Cary Presser
The extinguishment of a fire using gaseous agents is a very complicated process which is not completely understood. Current fire-fighting agents such as halon 1301 and halon 1211 are believed to function by a combination of chemical (catalytic removal of

Human Exposure and Environmental Impact

April 1, 1994
Author(s)
E Braun, Richard D. Peacock, Glenn P. Forney, George W. Mulholland, Barbara C. Levin
Although these agents are typically employed in unoccupied sections of an aircraft, the possibility of human exposure still exists during handling, storage, and transport. Thus, it is important to know if the accidental release of the 12 agents in areas of

Introduction (NIST SP 861)

April 1, 1994
Author(s)
William L. Grosshandler, Richard G. Gann, William M. Pitts
The Montreal Protocol of 1987 identified halon 1301 (CF3Br) as one of a number of halogenated chemicals that were sufficiently deleterious to stratospheric ozone that their continued production and use required limitation. An amendment to the Protocol

Summary and Recommendations (NIST SP 861)

April 1, 1994
Author(s)
William L. Grosshandler, Richard G. Gann, William M. Pitts
The main objective of this research program was to provide guidance to the sponsors on which materials to evaluate in the full-scale fire suppression test plan at Wright-Patterson AFB. Specifically, the recommendations were to include the following: 1) The

Thermodynamic Properties of Alternative Agents (NIST SP 861)

April 1, 1994
Author(s)
Jiann C. Yang, B D. Breuel
Depending upon their applications, current halon 1301 (CF3Br) bottles are normally filled to about half of the bottle volume, and the bottle is then pressurized with nitrogen to 4.1 MPa (600 psig) at room temperature. The purpose of using the

Fire Service and Fire Science: A Winning Combination

March 1, 1994
Author(s)
R E. Sanders, Daniel M. Madrzykowski
To test their ability to fight high-rise fires, the Louisville Fire Department had to simulate one. And to do that, they needed the help of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
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