January 1, 1998
Author(s)
D J. Berkeland, J D. Miller, James C. Bergquist, Wayne M. Itano, David J. Wineland
Micromotion of ions in Paul traps has several adverse effects, including alterations of atomic transition line shapes, significatn second-order Doppler shifts in high-accuracy studies and limited confinement time in the absence of cooling. The ac electric