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A compilation is presented of measured attenuation lengths of low-energy electrons in solids in the energy range (40 to 2000 eV) normally employed in X-ray photoelectron and Auger-electron spectroscopy. The techniques used to obtain electron attenuation
Accurate calculations of focal properties of the two-tube electrostatic lens are extended to cover a range of voltage ratios from 1.1 to 10000. The accuracy of the calculations is discussed in detail. For voltage ratios near 6400 the lens is found to be
The use of matrices to represent electron lenses is discussed. It is shown that it is more convenient and natural to represent a lens by a matrix and that the matrix elements show a more regular behavior than do the focal properties. Thus matrices are more
High resolution, inelastic electron scattering data can provide new spectroscopic information on the electronic structure of polyatomic molecules. Features in the acetone energy loss spectrum from 0 to 15 eV obtained for 100 eV incident electrons
Previous calculations have given accurate first-order focal properties for the two-tube electrostatic lens at discrete voltage ratios. For computer optimization, calculations involving systems of two-tube lenses, one must be able to calculate the focal