Representation of Focal Properties of the Equal-Diameter Two-Tube Electrostatic Lens for Computer Calculations

Published

November 1, 1973

Author(s)

A Galejs, C Kuyatt

Abstract

Previous calculations have given accurate first-order focal properties for the two-tube electrostatic lens at discrete voltage ratios. For computer optimization, calculations involving systems of two-tube lenses, one must be able to calculate the focal properties continuously over some arbitrary range of voltage ratios. Hence the data must be displayed in a continuous manner, and a method of interpolation is needed which yields functions having a high degree of smoothness. Special care must be taken to describe the lens behavior correctly near zero strength or for the voltage ratio approaching unity. A satisfactory solution to this problem has been achieved using cubic splines. The resulting functions of the focal properties are continuous and have continuous first and second derivatives. The total beam behavior, and hence the system design, is determined by the transfer matrix which is obtained from the focal properties. To achieve sufficient accuracy in the lens calculations over the entire range of required focal properties, the region near zero lens strength had to be treated separately.

Citation

Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology

Volume

10

Issue

6

Pub Type

Journals

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Citation

Galejs, A. and Kuyatt, C. (1973), Representation of Focal Properties of the Equal-Diameter Two-Tube Electrostatic Lens for Computer Calculations, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, [online], https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=620047 (Accessed October 16, 2025)