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Fire

Fire modeling

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Displaying 101 - 125 of 157

Fire Model Validation Eight Lessons Learned

March 6, 2014
Author(s)
Kevin B. McGrattan, Richard D. Peacock, Kristopher J. Overholt
This paper provides a summary of a decade-long effort to verify and validate a variety of different fire models used in the commercial nuclear industry. The lessons learned apply to any industry in which fire models are used in a regulatory context. The

Stair Evacuation of People with Mobility Impairments

March 3, 2014
Author(s)
Erica D. Kuligowski, Richard Peacock, Bryan Hoskins, Emily Wiess
The time that it takes a population to reach safety when descending a stairwell during building evacuations is typically described by measureable engineering variables. These engineering variables include stairwell geometry, speed, density, and pre

Quantitative Testing of Fire Scenario Hypotheses: A Bayesian Inference Approach

January 16, 2014
Author(s)
Kristopher J. Overholt, Ofodike A. Ezekoye
Fire models are routinely used to evaluate life safety aspects of building design projects and are being used more often in fire and arson investigations as well as reconstructions of firefighter line-of-duty deaths and injuries. A fire within a

Quantification of Methane Source Locations and Emissions

December 13, 2013
Author(s)
Kuldeep R. Prasad
Kuldeep Prasad(1), Brian Lamb(2), Maria Obiminda Cambaliza(3), Tegan Lavoie(3), Olivia E Salmon(3), Paul Shepson(3), Thomas Lauvaux(4), Ken Davis(4), and James R. Whetstone(1) (1) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. (2)

Fire Dynamics Simulator Users Guide, Sixth Edition

November 4, 2013
Author(s)
Kevin B. McGrattan, Randall J. McDermott, Craig G. Weinschenk, Glenn P. Forney
This Guide describes how to use the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), a software package used to simulate the impact of fire on buildings.

Fire Dynamics Simulator, Technical Reference Guide, Sixth Edition

November 4, 2013
Author(s)
Kevin B. McGrattan, Randall J. McDermott, Craig G. Weinschenk, Glenn P. Forney
This document provides the theoretical basis for the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), following the general framework set forth in the “Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models,” ASTM E 1355. It is a four volume

Stair evacuation of older adults and people with mobility impairments

October 31, 2013
Author(s)
Erica D. Kuligowski, Richard D. Peacock, Emily Wiess, Bryan Hoskins
Engineers analyze occupant movement data for the safety and protection of a population during emergency building evacuations. Quantifiable variables, such as: stairwell geometry, pre-evacuation delay, occupant speed, and population density form engineering

A method for the analysis of behavioural uncertainty in evacuation modelling

July 9, 2013
Author(s)
Enrico Ronchi, Paul A. Reneke, Richard D. Peacock
Evacuation models generally include the use of distributions or probabilistic variables to simulate the variability of possible human behaviours. A single model setup of the same evacuation scenario may therefore produce a distribution of different

Applications of Heat Transfer Fundamentals to Fire Modeling

June 25, 2013
Author(s)
Ofodike A. Ezekoye, M J. Hurley, Jose L. Torero, Kevin B. McGrattan
The fire industry relies on fire engineers and scientists to develop materials and technologies used to either resist, detect, or suppress fire. While combustion processes are the drivers for what might be considered to be fire phenomena, it is heat

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Dispersion #2. Comparison of FDS Predictions with Gas Velocity Measurements in the Exhaust Duct of a Stationary Source

April 25, 2013
Author(s)
Kuldeep R. Prasad, Kevin Li, Elizabeth F. Moore, Rodney A. Bryant, Aaron N. Johnson, James R. Whetstone
The burning of fossil fuels remains a major source of greenhouse gases responsible for global warming and climate change. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it is imperative to develop a capability to accurately measure these emissions from point

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Dispersion 1. Optimum placement of gas inlets on a building rooftop for the measurement of greenhouse gas concentrations

April 22, 2013
Author(s)
Kuldeep R. Prasad, Anthony Bova, James R. Whetstone, Elena Novakovskaia
Inverse atmospheric dispersion models are used to provide measurement-based, or “topdown”, estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for comparison with input-based, or “bottom-up”, estimates. To minimize uncertainty, inverse estimates require accurate

In situ monitoring of atmospheric methane using a dense network in the Northeastern U.S.

February 28, 2013
Author(s)
Kuldeep R. Prasad, Elena Novakovskaia, Marc Fischer, Chris Sloop
Methane (CH4) is one of the major greenhouse gases with a CO2–relative global warming potential above 20 over a 100-year period (IPCC TAR). Global average concentration of this tracer in Earth's atmosphere is increasing due to widely spread surface sources

Evacuation Decision Model

February 15, 2013
Author(s)
Paul A. Reneke
In evacuation models, the time between the first alarm or other initial cue until the population starts evacuating, often referred to as the pre-evacuation time or pre-movement time, is usually a user defined input. To address this deficiency, this paper

Modeling the Evacuation of the World Trade Center Towers on September 11, 2001

January 31, 2013
Author(s)
Erica D. Kuligowski, Richard D. Peacock, Jason D. Averill
This paper provides an analysis of the evacuation of the World Trade Center towers culled from telephone and face-to-face interviews with survivors. A decedent analysis explores where occupants were located when each tower was attacked. Multiple regression
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