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Bioscience

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Displaying 401 - 425 of 1261

Biofilm Over Teeth and Restorations, What Do We Need to Know?

March 31, 2017
Author(s)
Nancy Lin
Objectives The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of biofilms and biofilm measurements in the context of studying biofilms on tooth and dental material surfaces to improve oral health. Methods A historical perspective and terminology is presented

Label-free hyperspectral dark-field microscopy towards quantitative scatter imaging

March 27, 2017
Author(s)
Philip Cheney, David McClatchy III, Stephen Kanick, Paul Lemaillet, David W. Allen, Daniel Samarov, Brian Pogue, Jeeseong C. Hwang
A hyperspectral dark-field microscopy technique has been developed for imaging spatially distributed diffuse reflectance spectra from light-scattering samples. In this report, quantitative scatter spectroscopy was demonstrated with a uniform scattering

Polydimethylsiloxane tissue-mimicking phantoms for quantitative optical medical imaging standards

March 24, 2017
Author(s)
Jeeseong Hwang, Hyun J. Kim, Paul Lemaillet, Dirk Grosenick, Thomas Gladytz, David McClatchy III, Kimberly A. Briggman, Brian Pogue
We report on a procedure to build and characterize solid tissue-mimicking phantoms of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymers. Controlled inclusion of light scattering titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles enables the creation of phantoms having tunable light

Life Time Dosimetric Assessment for Mice and Rats Exposed to Cell Phone Radiation in Reverberation Chambers

March 17, 2017
Author(s)
Perry F. Wilson, John M. Ladbury, Galen H. Koepke, Yijian Gong, Myles Capstick, Keven Kuhn, David L. McCormick, Ronald L. Melnick, Niels Kuster
In this paper, we present a detailed life time dosimetry analysis for individually housed rodents exposed to radio frequency (RF) signals. The unrestrained rodents were exposed in reverberation chambers for 2 years at three whole-body averaged specific

Neuroelectronic Device Process Development and Challenge

March 16, 2017
Author(s)
Jessie Zhang, Gymama Slaughter, Matthew Robinson, Joel Tyson
One of the major challenges of brain activity monitoring is to obtain high quality signals from the brain using metal electrodes. The probes consisting of metal electrodes have to be thin enough without damaging the tissue while maintaining good contact to

NIST Micronutrients Measurement Quality Assurance Program Winter and Summer 2016 Comparability Studies: Results for Round Robin LXXIX and LXXX Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Carotenoids in Human Serum

March 16, 2017
Author(s)
Jeanice M. Brown Thomas, David L. Duewer
The National Institute of Standards and Technology coordinates the Micronutrients Measurement Quality Assurance Program (MMQAP) for laboratories that measure fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids in human serum and plasma. This report describes the design

Enhancing the Efficacy of Cancer Therapy: Use of Small Molecule Inhibitors of DNA Glycosylases as Potential Drugs

March 12, 2017
Author(s)
Erdem Coskun, Aaron C. Jacobs, Nathan Donley, Marcus J. Calkins, Dorjbal Dorjsuren, David Maloney, Anton Simeonov, Pawel Jaruga, Amanda K. McCullough, M Miral Dizdar, R. S. Lloyd
Chemotherapy aims to destroy cancer cells by damaging their DNA. However, the overexpression of DNA repair proteins in cancer cells causes the removal of DNA lesions before they become toxic and thus leads to an increased DNA repair capacity resulting in

Experimental and statistical methods to evaluate antibacterial activity of a quaternary pyridinium salt on planktonic, biofilm-forming, and biofilm states

March 3, 2017
Author(s)
Daneli Lopez-Perez, Paula J. Baker, Adam L. Pintar, Jirun Sun, Nancy Lin, Sheng Lin-Gibson
Robust evaluation and comparison of antimicrobial technologies are critical to improving biofilm prevention and treatment. Herein, a multi-pronged experimental framework and statistical models were applied to determine the effects of quaternary pyridinium

FDA Approves First Genetically-Modified Cell Therapy to Treat Leukemia

March 1, 2017
Author(s)
Carl Simon Jr.
The FDA approved the first genetically-modified cell therapy for the treatment of leukemia on August 30, 2017 [1-2]. The treatment (tisagenlecleucel) is an "autologous genetically modified immunocellular therapy indicated for the treatment of pediatric and

Performing Skin Microbiome Research: A Method to the Madness

March 1, 2017
Author(s)
Heidi H. Kong, Bjorn Andersson, Thomas Clavel, John E. Common, Scott Jackson, Nathanael Olson, Julia Segre, Claudia Traidl-Hoffman
Growing interest in microbial contributions to human health and disease has increasingly led investigators to examine the microbiome in both healthy skin and cutaneous disorders, including acne, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. The need for common

Measurements of translation initiation from all 64 codons in E. coli

February 21, 2017
Author(s)
Ariel H. Hecht, Jeff E. Glasgow, Paul Jaschke, Lukmaan Bawazer, Matthew S. Munson, Jennifer R. Cochran, Drew Endy, Marc L. Salit
Our understanding of translation represents a cornerstone of molecular biology and underpins our capacity to engineer living matter. For decades, the codon AUG and a few near-cognates (GUG, UUG) have been exclusively considered as “start codons” for

Extracting Two Parameters From a P2 Orientation Distribution

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
Curtis Meuse, Joseph B. Hubbard
Individual molecules are seldom identical. This poses a problem for optical spectroscopy. For instance, if molecular property distributions are not characterized, differences in the distribution of molecular properties between sample and standards are

Structural Calcium (Trypsin, Subtilisin)

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
G L. Gilliland, A Teplyakov
There are about 40 families of serine proteases defined by amino acid sequence similarities that can be further grouped into 7 clans on the basis of their tertiary structure and the order of the catalytic triad. 1 Members of clans SA and SB are

Self-contained, Low Cost Body-on-a-Chip Systems for Drug Development

February 17, 2017
Author(s)
Ying Wang, Oleaga Carlota, Long Christopher, McAleer Christopher, Paula Miller, James J. Hickman, Michael L. Shuler, Mandy B. Esch
Integrated multi-organ microphysiological systems are an evolving tool for preclinical evaluation of the potential toxicity and efficacy of drug candidates. Such systems, also known as “Body-on-a-Chip” devices, have a great potential to increase the

Repair of Oxidatively Induced DNA Damage by DNA Glycosylases

February 16, 2017
Author(s)
M Miral Dizdar, Erdem Coskun, Pawel Jaruga
Endogenous and exogenous reactive species cause oxidatively induced DNA damage in living organisms by a variety of mechanisms. As a result, a plethora of mutagenic and/or cytotoxic products are formed in cellular DNA. This type of DNA damage is repaired by

Cytochrome P450 27A1 Deficiency and Regional Differences in Brain Sterol Metabolism Cause Preferential Cholestanol Accumulation in the Cerebellum

February 11, 2017
Author(s)
Natalia Mast, Kyle Anderson, Joseph Lin, Yong Li, Illarion Turko, Curtis Tatsuoka, Ingemar Bjorkhem, Irina A. Pikuleva
Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1 or sterol 27-hydroxylase) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional enzyme catalyzing regio- and stereo-specific hydroxylation of different sterols. In humans, complete CYP27A1 deficiency leads to cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis or

An electrically driven spin qubit based on valley mixing

February 2, 2017
Author(s)
wister huang, Neil M. Zimmerman, Andrew S. Dzurak, Dimitrie Culcer
The electrical control of single spin qubits based on semiconductor quantum dots is of great interest for scalable quantum computing since electric elds are much easier to produce and spatially focus than magnetic elds. Here we outline the mechanism for a
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