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Displaying 26 - 50 of 68

Simulating Fire Dynamics and the Thermal Response of Structural Elements

March 19, 2003
Author(s)
Kuldeep R. Prasad, Howard R. Baum
Simulations of the effects of severe fires on the structural integrity of building requires a close coupling between the gas phase energy release and transport phenomena and the stress analysis in the load bearing materials. The connection between the two

In Situ Burning of Oil Spills: Mesoscale Experiments and Analysis (NIST SP 995)

March 1, 2003
Author(s)
William D. Walton, D. D. Evans, Kevin B. McGrattan, Howard R. Baum, W H. Twilley, Daniel M. Madrzykowski, Anthony D. Putorti Jr., Ronald G. Rehm, H Koseki, E J. Tennyson
A series of six mesoscale and one large laboratory fire experiments were performed to measure the burning characteristics of Louisiana crude oil on water in a pan. These included one - 6 m square and five - 15 m square mesoscale burns and one - 1.2 m

In-Situ Burning of Oil Spills: Mesoscale Experiments (NIST SP 995)

March 1, 2003
Author(s)
D. D. Evans, William D. Walton, Howard R. Baum, Kathy A. Notarianni, James R. Lawson, Hai C. Tang, K. R. Keydel, Ronald G. Rehm, Daniel M. Madrzykowski, Richard H. Zile, H Koseki, E J. Tennyson
In 1991 a series of 14 mesoscale fire experiments were performed to measure the burning characteristics of crude oil on salt water. These oil burns in a pan ranged in size from 6 m square to 15 m square. Results of the measurements for burning rate and

Measurement of Large Scale Oil Spill Burns (NIST SP 995)

March 1, 2003
Author(s)
D D. Evans, William D. Walton, Howard R. Baum, James R. Lawson, Ronald G. Rehm, Richard H. Harris Jr., A Ghoniem, J Holland
Research has shown that burning can be an effective means to remove oil from the surface of the water. The combustion characteristics of crude oil have been measured in large laboratory tests using a nominal one meter diameter pool fire. This work reports

Improvements to the NIST Fire Dynamics Simulator

January 1, 2003
Author(s)
Kevin B. McGrattan, J E. Floyd, Glenn P. Forney, Howard R. Baum, Simo A. Hostikka
A new version of the NIST Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was released in the fall of 2001. Improvements have been made to the combustion and radiation routines, allowing for better simulation of flashover. The combustion is based on a single transport

Future of Fire Simulation

December 1, 2002
Author(s)
Kevin B. McGrattan, Howard R. Baum, Ronald G. Rehm, Glenn P. Forney, Kuldeep R. Prasad
Scientists and engineers are often asked to make predictions of the state of technology in the future and are usually laughably wrong. The best prognosticators get the trends right, but cannot possibly fill in the details. Think of Jules Verne predicting a

A Model of Opposed Flow Flame Spread Over Charring Materials

July 25, 2002
Author(s)
A A. Atreya, Howard R. Baum
This paper presents a theoretical decsription of a diffusion flame spreading against the wind on a semi-infinite charring solid. It extends the previous flame spread models on vaporizing solids to charring materials like wood and provides a more realistic

Large Eddy Simulation of Buoyant Turbulent Pool Fires

July 25, 2002
Author(s)
J Gore, Kevin B. McGrattan, Ronald G. Rehm, Howard R. Baum
Three dimensional large eddy simulations (LES) of two buoyant flows were performed n conjunction with a Smagorinsky turbulence model. The flows included a non-reacting helium plume previously simulated with two-dimensional simulations and a methane/air

Community-Scale Fire Spread

July 1, 2002
Author(s)
Ronald G. Rehm, Anthony P. Hamins, Howard R. Baum, Kevin B. McGrattan, D D. Evans
This paper addresses community-scale fires, which have also been called urban/wildland interface or intermix fires. These fires arise when wildlandfires invade the built environment and attack structures as well as wildland fuels. The prediction of the

Initial Model for Fires in the World Trade Center Towers (NISTIR 6879)

May 1, 2002
Author(s)
Ronald G. Rehm, William M. Pitts, Howard R. Baum, D D. Evans, Kuldeep R. Prasad, Kevin B. McGrattan, Glenn P. Forney
Based on preliminary assumptions and analysis, mathematical models have been used to estimate the behavior of the fires in the twin towers of the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 11, 2001. The hijacked-plane collision with each tower produced

Initial Model for Fires in the World Trade Center Towers (NISTIR 6879)

May 1, 2002
Author(s)
Ronald G. Rehm, William M. Pitts, Howard R. Baum, D D. Evans, Kuldeep R. Prasad, Kevin B. McGrattan, Glenn P. Forney
Based on preliminary assumptions and analysis, mathematical models have been used to estimate the behavior of the fires in the twin towers of the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 11, 2001. The hijacked-plane collision with each tower produced

Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 2) -- Technical Reference Guide

November 1, 2001
Author(s)
Kevin B. McGrattan, Howard R. Baum, Ronald G. Rehm, Anthony P. Hamins, Glenn P. Forney, J E. Floyd, Simo A. Hostikka
Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelof fire-driven fluid flow. The equations described in this document are a form of the Navier-Stokes equations appropriate for low-speed, thermally-driven flow with an emphasis on

Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 3): Technical Reference Guide (NISTIR 6783)

November 1, 2001
Author(s)
Kevin B. McGrattan, Howard R. Baum, Ronald G. Rehm, Anthony P. Hamins, Glenn P. Forney, J E. Floyd, Simo A. Hostikka
Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of fire-driven fluid flow. The equations described in this document are a form of the Navier-Stokes equations appropriate for low-speed, thermally-driven flow with an emphasis on

Development of Combustion and Radiation Models for Large Scale Fire Simulation

September 13, 2001
Author(s)
Kevin B. McGrattan, J E. Floyd, Glenn P. Forney, Simo A. Hostikka, Howard R. Baum
In cooperation with the fire protection engineering community, a numerical fire model, Fire DynamicsSimulator (FDS), is being developed at NIST to study fire behavior and to evaluate theperformance of fire protection systems in buildings. Version 1 of FDS

Thermal Radiation From Large Pool Fires (NISTIR 6546)

November 1, 2000
Author(s)
Kevin B. McGrattan, Howard R. Baum, Anthony P. Hamins
In order to protect people and combustible structures from the thermal radiation emitted by a large fire, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has established thermal radiation flux levels of 31.5 kW/m2 (10,000 Btu/h/ft2) for buildings and

Fire Dynamics Simulator: Technical Reference Guide (NISTIR 6467)

January 1, 2000
Author(s)
Kevin B. McGrattan, Howard R. Baum, Ronald G. Rehm, Anthony P. Hamins, Glenn P. Forney
The idea that the dynamics of a fire might be studied numerically dates back to the beginning of the computer age. Indeed, the fundamental conservation equations governing fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and combustion were first written down over a century

Three Dimensional Modeling of Intumescent Behavior in Fires

March 3, 1997
Author(s)
Kathryn M. Butler, Howard R. Baum, Takashi Kashiwagi
A method of studying the swelling and thermal behavior of intumescent materials using understanding of the basic physical and chemical processes is described. The material is treated as a highly viscous fluid with properties dependent on temperature. the
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