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Fire

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Displaying 2901 - 2925 of 3902

A New Sequencing Control Strategy for Air-Handling Units

January 1, 1999
Author(s)
J E. Seem, Cheol D. Park, J House
Air-handling unit (AHU) controllers commonly use sequencing logic to determine the most economic way to use the components of the AHU to maintain the supply air temperature at a setpoint value. The objective of this paper is to introduce the finite state

Char Enhancing Approaches to Flame Retarding Polymers

January 1, 1999
Author(s)
Jeffrey W. Gilman, Takashi Kashiwagi, Richard H. Harris Jr., S M. Lomakin, J D. Lichtenhan, A. Bolf, P. Jones
Additives that increase the amount of charcoal-like residue or carbonaceous char that forms during polymer combustion are very effective fire retardants (FR). Our research efforts focus on reducing polymer flammability by promoting char formation. Our

Diffusivity-Porosity Relation for Cement Paste

January 1, 1999
Author(s)
Edward J. Garboczi, Dale P. Bentz
The development of a ionic diffusivity-porosity relation for cement paste, soundly based on microstructure, along with future developments in this area, are discussed. The importance of such relations for sulfate attack and other mechanisms of

Enhancement of R123 Pool Boiling by the Addition of N-Hexane

January 1, 1999
Author(s)
Mark A. Kedzierski
This paper presents the heat transfer data used to file international patent WO 94/18282. The data consisted of pool boiling performance of a GEWA-TTM surface for three fluids: (1) pure R123, (2) R123/n-hexane (99/1), and (3) R123/n-hexane (98/2). The heat

Evaluation of Kitchen Cooking Appliance Efficiency Test Procedures

January 1, 1999
Author(s)
Steven J. Nabinger
In 1978, the Department of Energy (DOE) published a Final Rule containing test procedures for measuring the efficiency and energy consumption of conventional ranges, ovens, cooking tops, and microwave ovens. Based on a number of technical concerns

Measurement of the 100 nm NIST SRM 1963 by Differential Mobility Analysis

January 1, 1999
Author(s)
George W. Mulholland, Nelson P. Bryner, C M. Croarkin
The number mean diameter of 100 nm NTST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1963 was measured to be 100.7 nm with an expanded uncertainty at the 95% confidence level of 1.0 nm by measurement with the differential mobility analyzer (DMA). The low level of

Molecular Level Design of Fire Retardants and Suppressants (NISTIR 6275)

January 1, 1999
Author(s)
Marc R. Nyden
The various methods that comprise the field of molecular modeling are reviewed in the context of their potential for application to the molecular level design of new fire retardants and suppressants. The capabilities of these techniques are demonstrated by

Performance and Modeling of Heat Flux Sensors in Different Environments

January 1, 1999
Author(s)
David G. Holmberg, C A. Womeldorf
Heat flux measurement is not simple; care is required in selecting a suitable sensor for a given application. Surface substrate properties and the convective and radiative environment determine the choice of sensors. Mounting of the sensor, especially in

Quantifying Fire Model Evaluation Using Functional Analysis

January 1, 1999
Author(s)
Richard D. Peacock, Paul A. Reneke, William D. Davis, Walter W. Jones
Comparisons of predictive fire models with each other or with experimental data have been largely qualitative. By treating these time series curves as infinite-dimensional vectors, a branch of mathematics called functional analysis defines geometrically

Real-Time Measurements of Condensed-Phase Spectra in Burning Polymers

January 1, 1999
Author(s)
Marc R. Nyden
A major goal of the Building and Fire Research Laboratory is to provide the polymer industry with the technical understanding and measurement tools that are needed to develop a new generation of fire resistant materials. In the pursuit of this goal, we

Upward Flame Spread on Composite Materials

January 1, 1999
Author(s)
Thomas J. Ohlemiller, Thomas G. Cleary
Three existing models of upward flame spread were tested against intermediate-scale experiments on a vinyl-ester/glass composite. Characterization of rate of heat release per unit area, needed as input to the models, was obtained at external radiant fluxes

Report on the First-Generation NIST Convective Heat Flux Calibration Facility

December 10, 1998
Author(s)
David G. Holmberg, C A. Womeldorf
The National Institute of Standards and Technology has developed a convective heat flux calbration facility to allow evaluation of heat flux sensors. This facility is a small wind tunnel that produces a two-dimensionl laminar boundary layer across a heated

Chemical Limits to Flame Inhibition

December 1, 1998
Author(s)
Valeri I. Babushok, Wing Tsang, Gregory T. Linteris, D Reinelt
This paper deals with the ultimate limits of chemical contributions to flame inhibition. Particular attention is focussed on the inhibition cycles which regenerate the inhibitor. This leads to the definition of an idealized "perfect" inhibition cycle. It

Modified Slump Test to Measure Rheological Parameters of Fresh Concrete

December 1, 1998
Author(s)
Chiara F. Ferraris, F DeLarrard
The ease of placement of concrete depends upon at least two physical properties, the yield stress and plastic viscosity. Currently the most common field test is the slump test, and it is related only to the yield stress. Therefore, a simple field test

Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Models (TLBM) for Compressible Flows

December 1, 1998
Author(s)
G Vahala, P Pavlo, L Vahala, Nicos Martys
The progress and challenges in thermal lattice Boltzmann modeling are discussed. In particular, momentum and energy closures schemes are contrasted. Higher order symmetric (but no longer space filling) velocity lattices are constructed for both 2D and 3D

Sensitivity Examination of the airEXODUS Aircraft Evacuation Simulation Model

November 16, 1998
Author(s)
Richard W. Bukowski, Richard D. Peacock, Walter W. Jones
The Building and Fire Research Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been a leader in the development, application and evaluation of models for the simulation of fires and the associated hazards and risk to people
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