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The purpose of this chapter is to set out the principles of chemical kinetics as they apply to combustion in flames and fires. Chemical equilibrium, which was discussed in a previous chapter, deals with the final preferred state of a given set of reactants
Karim Al-Barghouti, Katrina Avery, Ian Bell, Aaron Rowane
The speeds of sound of ternary refrigerant mixtures, namely, R-444A (difluoromethane (R-32)/1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a)/trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)) with respective mass fractions of 0.1194/0.0519/0.8287), R-457B (R-32/2,3,3,3
Tibor Furtenbacher, Allan Harvey, Attila G Csaszar
Based on the direct summation technique, improved ideal-gas partition functions and related thermochemical quantities are reported for the parent isotopologues of molecular oxygen and water, (16)O2 and H2(16)O, respectively. The new results update those of
This is an update of two tables in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (for the 106th ed.) to reflect a new standard formulation adopted in 2024 by the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS).
Tyler Martin, Austin McDannald, Aaron Kusne, Peter Beaucage
The pace of formulation (re)development and design is rapidly increasing as both consumers and new legislation demand products that do less harm to the environment while maintaining high standards of performance. To meet this need, we have developed an
Pooja Basera, Yang Zhao, Angel Garcia-Esparza, Finn Babbe, Neha Bothra, John Vinson, Dimosthenis Sokaras, Junko Yano, Shannon Boettcher, Michal Bajdich
Cu-based oxides and hydroxides represent an important class of materials from a catalytic and corrosion perspective. In this study, we investigate the formation of bulk and surface Cu+3 species stable under water oxidation catalysis in alkaline media. So
Alexandros Chremos, William P. Krekelberg, Harold Hatch, Daniel Siderius, Nathan Mahynski, Vincent Shen
We develop coarse-grained models for carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and nitrogen (N2 ) that capture the vapor-liquid equilibria of their single components and their binary mixtures over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. To achieve this, we used an
This work compiles and evaluates phase transition temperatures for the elements that can exist in two or more crystalline forms (allotropes) at normal atmospheric pressure. The crystal phases are labeled by Greek letters in the most common conventions
The speed of sound of two binary mixtures containing 33.6 mole % trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (R-1132(E)) with difluoromethane (R-32) and 43.5 mole % R-1132(E) with 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf) were measured with a dual-path pulse-echo instrument
Davide Menegazzo, Aaron Rowane, Giulia Lombardo, Sergio Bobbo, Laura Fedele, Mark McLinden
The combination of carbon dioxide (CO2) and R1132a has been proposed as a viable substitute for R23 in low-temperature applications. This study provides new experimental data on the compressed-liquid density, vapor density, and compressed-liquid speed of
The vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) of fuel-N2 mixtures is modeled using the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state, where in this study "fuel" refers to a pure component hydrocarbon. These mixtures are important in
Speed of sound data, measured using a dual-path pulse-echo instrument, are reported for three binary mixtures of 1,1-difuoroethylene (R-1132a) with propane at temperatures ranging from 230 to 345 K and pressures ranging from slightly above the bubble curve
Sound speed data measured using a dual-path pulse-echo instrument are reported for pure trans-1,2-dichloroethene (R-1130(E)) and an azeotropic blend of cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutene (R-1336mzz(Z)) and R-1130(E) with a composition of 74.8 mass % R
Brendan Carter, Jonathan Sharp, Maribel I. Garcia-Ibanez, Ryan J. Woosley, Michael Fong, Marta Alvarez, Leticia Barbero, Simon Clegg, Regina Easley, Andrea Fassbender, Xinyu Li, Katelyn Schockman, Zhaohui Aleck Wang, Andrew Dickson
Seawater carbonate chemistry observations are increasingly necessary to study a broad array of oceanographic challenges such as ocean acidification, carbon inventory tracking, and assessment of marine carbon dioxide removal strategies. As a result, efforts
Single-isotherm n(p, T90) results are reported for the gases Ar, N2, H2O, and D2O at vacuum wavelength λ = 1542.383(1) nm. The argon and nitrogen isotherms were measured near 303 K; the water isotherms were measured near 373 K. Combined with the two
A combination of analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and fluorescence spectroscopy are utilized to orthogonally probe compositions of adsorbed surfactant layers on the surface of (7,5) species single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) under conditions known
Saturation pressures of pure R-1336mzz(Z) and R-1130(E) and bubble point pressures of three R-1336mzz(Z)/1130(E) blends were measured from 265 K to 360 K. For each pure refrigerant or refrigerant blend, a total of twenty unique saturation pressures or
This is an item for the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (105th ed.), giving values calculated from the IAPWS formulation for the refractive index.
Molecular simulations of water adsorption in porous materials often converge slowly due to sampling bottlenecks that follow from hydrogen bonding and, in many cases, the formation of water clusters. These effects may be exacerbated in metal-organic
In this work, we compiled, evaluated, and select recommended values for use for the melting points and boiling points of the alkali metals: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). Here we provide all of the
In this work, we compiled and evaluated both self-diffusion and binary-diffusion coefficients D for gases as a function of temperature. In this paper, we provide recommended values for the diffusion coefficients at standard room temperature 298.15 K (D298)
Karim Al-Barghouti, Aaron Rowane, Ian Bell, Marcia L. Huber, Richard A. Perkins
The thermal conductivity of liquid trans-1,2-dichloroethene (R-1130(E)) was measured at temperatures ranging from 240 K to 340 K and pressures up to 25 MPa using a transient hot-wire instrument. A total of 447 thermal conductivity data points were measured
In this work, we compiled and evaluated various properties pertaining to the heats of combustion of about 420 compounds of physical, chemical, and engineering interest. This includes boiling points, melting points, latent heats (enthalpies) of vaporization