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Shine a flashlight into murky pond water and the beam won’t penetrate very far. Absorption and scattering rapidly diminishes the intensity of the light beam
Five hundred million years ago, the oceans teemed with trillions of trilobites — creatures that were distant cousins of horseshoe crabs. All trilobites had a
Like a vocal coach who extends the octave range of an opera singer, researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have expanded by
Conventional techniques for analyzing chemical composition, such as infrared (IR) microscopy often miss critically important nanoscale details. To overcome this
Optical frequency conversion, in which the color of light is changed, is a process that has numerous applications in physics and technology. For example, green
Most manufacturing has historically been based on top-down fabrication and assembly. With rapid advances in nanotechnology, there is increasing interest in
As part of the NIST on a Chip program, the Photonic Dosimetry project is developing in-situ sub-micrometer ionizing-radiation dosimetry and calorimetry leading
Mingkang Wang, Georg Ramer, Diego Perez, Georges Pavlidis, Jeffrey Schwartz, Liya Yu, B. Robert Ilic, Vladimir Aksyuk, Andrea Centrone
Thermal properties of materials are often determined by measuring thermalization processes. Measuring such properties at the nanoscale, however, requires high
The development of new characterization methods has resulted in innovative studies of the properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Observations of