OSAC Lexicon

The conclusion that the observed data provide more support for the proposition that the impressions originated from the same source rather than different sources; however, there is insufficient support for a Source Identification.

Latent or visible impressions and/or embossments in paper or other media. This also includes paper fiber disturbances which do not optically appear as impressions. (ASB S044-19)

Scientific usage: Statistical studies assume a property called independence - a situation where the data collected are not related to each other because they come from a random sample from the population examined; independence is often assumed but seldom tested. Good statistical testing tests for independence when its presence is unclear. Operational usage: The canine's capability to perform without assistance or being influenced by the canine handler.

freedom of a person or organization from the control or authority of another person or organization
EXAMPLE:
A conformity assessment body (4.6) can be independent from the person who is the object of conformity assessment (4.2) or from the organization providing the object of conformity assessment (4.2).
 

In the simplest experiment this is the item that you vary or that varies as a function of the way the experiment is designed.

The process of obtaining a second analysis from a forensic dental age assessment practitioner, blinded to the results of the first practitioner's assessment.

The canine's response to the odor/scent in the manner in which it has been trained, independently and without distraction. (See alert, final response.)

Created directly from digital data, charged ink particles are applied to an imaging drum and then transferred to a print blanket.

Two sheets of paper, one on top of the other, with one or more intervening sheets. (SWGDOC E02)

A decision which identifies an organism as the source of the DNA that produced an evidentiary single-source or major contributor profile; This statement is often based on population frequency estimates that are more rare than some defined number.

A prefix especially designed for a particular customer. (SWGDOC E07)

Marks or properties that serve to characterize an item(s) and distinguish it from similar item(s).

The process by which a person starts from a particular experience and proceeds to generalizations. The process by which hypotheses are developed based upon observable or known facts and the training, experience, knowledge, and expertise of the observer.

The interval in human dental development that begins at birth, includes the presence of the developing, developed and resorbing primary dentition as well as the initial development of the permanent dentition. This interval includes the early period of mixed primary and permanent dentitions and ends when the last primary tooth is exfoliated normally. Note 1 to entry: During the adolescent age and adult dental age intervals, primary teeth may be atypically retained for various reasons, including congenital absence or ectopic eruption of the permanent teeth that would typically replace them.

IR Referring to radiant flux having wavelengths longer than the wavelengths of visible light, usually from ~700 nm to 1400 nm $(\sim0.7~\mu m$ to 1.4 µm) as per the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) for IR-A. (ANSI/ASB Std 035)

IRL The emission of radiant energy during a transition from an excited electronic state of an atom, molecule, or ion to a lower electronic state (fluorescence or phosphorescence, or both), where the spectrum of the excitation source is in the ultraviolet (UV) or visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, or both, and the spectrum of the emitted energy is in the far red or infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. (ANSI/ASB Std 035)

As related to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), any substance that interferes with or prevents the synthesis of DNA during the amplification process.

Written movement at the beginning of a character. (Also known as beginning or commencement stroke.)

The fundamental training associated with detector canine training which consists of, but not limited to: bonding/relationship building, obedience, basic odor/scent discrimination, and basic search techniques.

A precise recipe or set of ingredients and their quantities that the manufacturer specifies for the final ink product. These ingredients are colorants (dyes and pigments) and components (volatile solvents, resins, etc.). (SWGDOC M01)

A non-impact printing method in which the image is formed by projecting droplets of a liquid or solid printing medium onto a substrate.

An organized collection of reference samples of inks and related materials. (SWGDOC M02)

A ribbon composed of a supporting substrate of film, fabric, or paper and a coating or impregnation of a coloring material. The coloring material is of such nature that it will transfer in part or entirely to a copy sheet at the point of pressure contact. (ASTM F221)

A process recording footwear/tiretrack impressions on white chemically treated paper

examination of a product (3.2), process (3.3), service (3.4), or installation or their design and determinationof its conformity with specific requirements or, on the basis of professional judgment, with generalrequirementsNOTE 1 Inspection of processes can include personnel, facilities, technology or methodology.NOTE 2 Inspection procedures or schemes can restrict inspection to examination only.NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO/IEC 17000:2004, definition 4.3.NOTE 4 The term item is used in this International Standard to encompass product, process, service or installation,as appropriate.

examination of an item (3.8) and determination of its conformity with detailed requirements or, on the basis of professional judgement, with general requirements 

Note 1 to entry: Examination can include direct or indirect observations, which can include measurements or the output of instruments. 

Note 2 to entry: Inspection results normally include a statement of conformity regarding the item. However, schemes or contracts can specify inspection as examination only. 

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17000:2020, 6.3, modified — In the definition, "object of conformity assessment" has been replaced by "item"; the original Notes 2 and 3 to entry have been removed; a new Note 2 to entry has been added.]

examination of an object of conformity assessment (4.2) and determination of its conformity with detailed requirements or, on the basis of professional judgement, with general requirements
Note 1 to entry: Examination can include direct or indirect observations, which can include measurements or the output of instruments.
Note 2 to entry: Conformity assessment schemes (4.9) or contracts can specify inspection as examination only.
Note 3 to entry: Additional information on the concepts of testing (6.2) and inspection (6.3) is given in A.3.4.
 

body that performs inspection (3.1)NOTE An inspection body can be an organization, or part of an organization.

Body that performs inspection (3.1)

(3.6) to which the same specified requirements, specific rules and procedures applyNOTE 1 Inspection schemes can be operated at international, regional, national or sub-national level.NOTE 2 Schemes are sometimes also referred to as programmes.NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO/IEC 17000:2004, definition 2.8.

inspection programme
set of rules and procedures that describes the item (3.8), identifies the specified requirements and provides the methodology for performing inspection (3.1) 

Note 1 to entry: Inspection schemes can be operated at the international, regional, national, sub-national or industry sector level.

Note 2 to entry: A scheme that includes inspection can provide methodology for activities in either all or only in some of the conformity assessment functions (see ISO/IEC 17000:2020, Annex A). It can include methodology for inspection only (a determination function activity) or for other determination function activities. The scheme can include methodology for selection function activities and, in addition, it can include methodology for review, decision, attestation function activities

Note 3 to entry: The inspection scheme can specify independence requirements.

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17000:2020, 4.9, modified — In the preferred term and the admitted term, "conformity assessment" has been replaced by "inspection"; in the definition, "objects of conformity assessment" has been replaced by "item"; "conformity assessment" has been replaced by "inspection"; the original three Notes to entry have been replaced by three new ones.]

rules, procedures, and management for carrying out inspectionNOTE 1 An inspection system can be operated at international, regional, national or sub-national level.NOTE 2 Adapted from ISO/IEC 17000:2004, definition 2.7.

An XML package described by a schema is called an instance document. If a documentsatisfies all the constraints specified by the schema, it is considered to be schema-valid.

The innate tendency to react in specific ways in specific circumstances. Behaviors that are not taught, and are stereotypical in action and similar in all members of a species.

See canine trainer.

See operant conditioning.

A determination made by an FDE that the material to be examined does not contain enough information for an examination to be conducted. This may be due to the amount, complexity, comparability, or line, reproduction or writing quality of the material. In many instances, FDEs report an inconclusive opinion, explaining limitations/insufficiency, rather than reporting an insufficient opinion. (NIST HF)

The INTERPOL application profile of the ANSI/NIST-ITL standard, developed by theINTERPOL AFIS Expert Group.