Russek, S.
, Stupic, K.
and Keenan, K.
(2024),
Traceability and Uncertainty in NMR and MRI measurements, Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy Volume 111, Elsevier, New York, NY, [online], https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.arnmr.2024.06.001, https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=957779
(Accessed March 27, 2026)
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Traceability and Uncertainty in NMR and MRI measurements
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used for quantitative in-vivo measurements, including biomarkers based on relaxation times, diffusion, flow, temperature, local concentration of neurotransmitters and metabolites, tissue conductivity/dielectric constant, as well as geometrical parameters such as volume, shape, and texture. MRI based biomarkers vary widely, each with different degrees of utility, robustness, and accuracy. The hope is that quantitative measurements will have less site-to-site and scanner-to-scanner variability, less susceptibility to artifacts, less interpretation variation, and higher information content. Making in-vivo MRI-based measurements accurate and traceable is very challenging. MRI is a spatially resolved form of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which has a long history of precise quantitative measurements. However, in-vivo MRI has many constraints that compete with measurement precision including safety, time, cost, comfort, and integration with clinical workflows. Further, living tissue is a complex nonuniform, nonequilibrium system that is often difficult to characterize with a small set of well-defined macroscopic parameters. The accuracy of a biomarker measurement is often tied to the accuracy of the underlying model, which is most often approximate. Here, we describe NMR-based calibration standards developed to improve the accuracy of MRI based measurements. The standards are part of a traceability path from NMR, to ex-vivo MRI, and then to in-vivo MRI. Physical standards discussed here, are incorporated into phantoms (image calibration objects) and are a small, but critical, part of a larger standards infrastructure that includes standardized imaging protocols, data analysis, data interpretation, data archiving and retrieval.Citation
Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy Volume 111
Publisher Info
Elsevier, New York, NY
Pub Type
Book Chapters
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Keywords
MRI, quantitative MRI, NMR standards, MRI standards, phantoms, MRI biomarkers
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Created January 1, 2024, Updated March 25, 2026