August 28, 2019
      
                  
        
  Author(s)
  Timothy A. Sprock,   Michael E. Sharp,   William Z. Bernstein,   Michael P. Brundage,   Moneer M. Helu,   Thomas D. Hedberg Jr.
 
       
            
    
    
        In traditional manufacturing operations management systems, the four pillars of ISA-95 (production, quality, maintenance, inventory) are each implemented as separate software systems. Each system independently manages its own data, operational decision