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Fire

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Displaying 51 - 75 of 3892

A review of thermal exposure and fire spread mechanisms in Large Outdoor Fires and the Built Environment

July 28, 2023
Author(s)
Alex Filkov, Virginie Tihay-Felicelli, Nima Masoudvaziri, David Rush, Andres Valencia, Yu Wang, David Blunck, Mario Valero, Kamila Kempna, Jeruzalemska Jan Smolka, Jacques De Beer, Zakary Campbell-Lochrie, Felipe Centeno, Muhammad Asim Ibrahim Stuvaregatan, Calisa Katiuscia Lemmertz, Wai Cheong Tam
Due to socio-economic and climatic changes around the world, large outdoor fires in the built environment have become one of the global issues that threaten billions of people. The devastating effects of them are indicative of weaknesses in existing

Measuring Firebrand Heat Flux with a Thin-Skin Calorimeter

July 11, 2023
Author(s)
Amy Mensch, Savannah Wessies, Anthony Hamins, Jiann C. Yang
While the impact of wildland-urban interface fires is growing, firebrand exposure is a significant but not well understood contributor to fire spread. The ignition threat of firebrand exposures can be characterized by measuring the heat transfer of glowing

Coherent Laser Ranging of Deforming Objects in Fires at Sub-Millimeter Precision

July 7, 2023
Author(s)
Matthew Hoehler, Artur A. Chernovsky, Matthew Bundy, Esther Baumann
This paper applies coherent Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Light Detection and Ranging to capture three-dimensional measurements of objects in fire at meters of stand-off distance. Despite the presence of flame depths up to 1.5 m obscuring the target

Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residue from Simulated Fire Debris by Dynamic Vapor Microextraction: Sensitivity to Instrument Settings and Debris Characteristics

July 6, 2023
Author(s)
Jennifer Berry, Mary Gregg, Amanda Koepke, Reta Newman, Kavita Jeerage
Dynamic vapor microextraction (DVME) is a potential method for the extraction and concentration of ignitable liquid (IL) residue in fire debris. This low flow rate, purge-and-trap headspace concentration method collects IL vapors onto a chilled adsorbent

Towards Real-Time Heart Health Monitoring in Firefighting Using Convolutional Neural Networks

June 28, 2023
Author(s)
Jiajia Li, Christopher U. Brown, Dillon Dzikowicz, Mary Carey, Wai Cheong Tam, Michael Xuelin Huang
A machine learning-based heart health monitoring model, named H2M, was developed. 24-hour electrocardiogram (ECG) data from 112 professional firefighters was used to train the proposed model. The model used carefully designed multi-layer convolution neural

NIST Outdoor Structure Separation Experiments (NOSSE) with Wind

May 31, 2023
Author(s)
Alexander Maranghides, Shonali Nazare, Eric Link, Kathryn Butler, Erik L. Johnsson, Matthew Bundy, Artur A. Chernovsky, Frank Bigelow, Steven Hawks, William (Ruddy) Mell, Anthony Bova, Thomas Milac, William Walton, Bob Raymer, Frank Frievalt
The NIST Outdoor Structure Separation Experiments are part of the NIST Structure Separation Experiments project, which is designed to assess structure-to-structure fire spread in the wildland-urban interface. In the first phase of this project, fire

Wind-driven Fire Spread to a Structure from Firewood Piles

March 30, 2023
Author(s)
Erik L. Johnsson, Kathryn Butler, Marco G. Fernandez, Shonali Nazare, Alexander Maranghides
A series of field experiments was conducted to examine the effects on fire spread toward a structure for firewood piles under conditions that may be encountered in a wildland-urban interface (WUI) fire. The fire behavior of a variety of firewood types in

Experimental Studies on the Heat Flux of Individual Firebrands

March 22, 2023
Author(s)
Amy Mensch, Savannah Wessies, Anthony Hamins, Jiann C. Yang
Every year, thousands of wildfires burn all over the world threatening lives and property in the wildland-urban interface. These wildland-urban interface fires spread by radiation, direct flame contact, or firebrand transport. Firebrand exposures are a

Examining the effectiveness of water suppression for mitigating backdrafts

March 19, 2023
Author(s)
Ryan Falkenstein-Smith, Thomas Cleary
An analysis of the backdraft phenomenon's mitigation from water suppression is con- ducted in a 2/5th scale compartment. Different volumes of water were introduced via a ceiling- mounted misting nozzle into the compartment, which hosted conditions

Real-Time Flashover Prediction Model for Multi-Compartment Building Structures Using Attention Based Recurrent Neural Networks

March 17, 2023
Author(s)
Wai Cheong Tam, Eugene Yujun Fu, Jiajia Li, Richard D. Peacock, Paul A. Reneke, Thomas Cleary, Grace Ngai, Hong Va Leong, Michael Xuelin Huang
This paper presents the development of an attention based bi-directional gated recurrent unit model, P-Flashv2, for the prediction of potential occurrence of flashover in a traditional 111 m2 single story ranch-style family home. Synthetic temperature data

Fire Resistance of Structural Members and Assemblies

March 1, 2023
Author(s)
Matthew Hoehler
The selection of building materials and the design of the details of construction always play an important role in overall building fire safety. Two important fire safety considerations regarding the building structure are to minimize the likelihood of

FIRE RESILIENCE OF STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE FLOOR SYSTEMS

November 30, 2022
Author(s)
Selvarajah Ramesh, Lisa Choe, Matthew Hoehler, Matthew Bundy
This paper presents the results of compartment fire experiments conducted on 9.1 m × 6.1 m steel-concrete composite floors in a full-scale, two-story, two-bays by three-bays steel gravity frame building to investigate the fire resilience of these widely

Flame spread and combustion dynamics in pine litter under unsteady wind conditions

November 11, 2022
Author(s)
Eric Mueller, Zakary Campbell-Lochrie, Carlos Walker-Ravena, Matt Patterson, Jason Cole, Michael Gallagher, Kenneth Clark, Nicholas Skowronski, Rory Hadden
Understanding flame spread and combustion dynamics in surface fuels is important for both planning and evaluating the impact of prescribed fires. However, prescribed fires tend to be conducted under light and unsteady wind conditions as compared with those

A binary logistic regression model to evaluate backdraft phenomenon

September 30, 2022
Author(s)
Ryan Falkenstein-Smith, Thomas Cleary
A technique to predict backdraft phenomenon using a binary logistic regression model is presented. The model is established from time-averaged temperature, global and local equivalence ratios, and oxygen concentration measurements obtained in a series of

Structure Separation Experiments: Shed Burns without Wind

September 15, 2022
Author(s)
Alexander Maranghides, Shonali Nazare, Eric Link, Matthew Bundy, Matthew Hoehler, Steven Hawks, Frank Bigelow, William (Ruddy) Mell, Anthony Bova, Derek McNamara, Tom Milac, Faraz Hedayati, Daniel Gorham, Xareni Monroy, Murray Morrison, Bob Raymer, Frank Frievalt, William Walton
This report describes the experiments conducted during the first phase of a multi-phase project designed to assess structure-to-structure fire spread for structures in the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI). The experiments focused on quantifying thermal

Oxygen-Limited Fires Inside Under-Ventilated Enclosures (OLIVE-FIRE)

August 9, 2022
Author(s)
Kevin B. McGrattan, Isaac Leventon
This report documents a series of fire experiments performed within steel electrical enclosures. The objective is to validate a simple empirical model that predicts the maximum heat release rate of a fire within a closed compartment as a function of its

Convective heat transfer in pine forest litter beds

July 5, 2022
Author(s)
Eric Mueller, Michael Gallagher, Nicholas Skowronski, Rory Hadden
To properly parameterize physics-based models of wildland fire behavior, it is necessary to understand the magnitude of convective heat transfer in various scenarios. In order to do so, we isolated the convective heating process in an idealized wildland
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