U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Search Publications by: Kathryn Butler (Assoc)

Search Title, Abstract, Conference, Citation, Keyword or Author
Displaying 51 - 67 of 67

International Study of the Sublethal Effects of Fire Smoke on Survivability and Health (SEFS): Phase 1. Final Report (NIST TN 1439)

August 1, 2001
Author(s)
Richard G. Gann, Jason D. Averill, Kathryn M. Butler, Walter W. Jones, George W. Mulholland, J L. Neviaser, Thomas J. Ohlemiller, Richard D. Peacock, Paul A. Reneke, J R. Hall
Fire smoke toxicity has been a recurring theme for fire safety professionals for over four decades. There especially continue to be difficulty and controversy in assessing and addressing the contribution of the sublethal effects of smoke in hazard and risk

Sublethal Effects of Smoke on Survival and Health

March 26, 2001
Author(s)
Richard G. Gann, Jason D. Averill, Kathryn M. Butler, Walter W. Jones, George W. Mulholland, J L. Neviaser, Thomas J. Ohlemiller, Richard D. Peacock, Paul A. Reneke, J R. Hall

Fire Safe Materials Project at NIST (NISTIR 6588)

November 1, 2000
Author(s)
Takashi Kashiwagi, Kathryn M. Butler, Jeffrey W. Gilman
The results of two studies, which are parts of Fire Safe Materials Project at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), are presented. One of them is a study of the effects on gasification rates of the addition of silica particles to

Flame Retardant Mechanism of Silica Gel/Silica

November 1, 2000
Author(s)
Takashi Kashiwagi, Jeffrey W. Gilman, Kathryn M. Butler, Richard H. Harris Jr., John R. Shields, A Asano
Various types of silica, silica gel, fumed silicas and fused silica were added to polypropylene and polyethylene oxide to determine their flame retardant effectiveness and mechanisms. Polypropylene was chosen as a non-char-forming thermoplastic and

Exploring the Role of Polymer Melt Viscosity in Melt Flow and Flammability Behavior

October 15, 2000
Author(s)
Thomas J. Ohlemiller, John R. Shields, Kathryn M. Butler, Belinda L. Collins, Momar D. Seck
Thermoplastic polymers are widely used in roles where molding facilitates cost effective, high volume applications. Such polymers exhibit uniquely complex behavior in a fire because of their tendency to liquefy and flow. This behavior was explored in two

Influence of Polymer Melt Behavior on Flammability (NISTIR 6588)

March 1, 2000
Author(s)
Thomas J. Ohlemiller, Kathryn M. Butler
As the initial step in a study of the role of polymer melt viscosity in polymer burning behavior, a simpler, non-burning configuration has been examined. Vertical slabs of two types of polypropylene have been subjected to uniform radiative heating on one

Mixed Layer Pyrolysis Model for Polypropylene

July 5, 1999
Author(s)
Kathryn M. Butler
A one-dimensional model describing the melting, degradation, and bubbling behavior of polypropylene exposed to a high heat flux is presented. The region of vigorous bubbling observed in experiment is represented as a mixed layer of uniform temperature

Bursting Bubbles From Combustion of Thermoplastic Materials in Microgravity

May 18, 1999
Author(s)
Kathryn M. Butler
Many thermoplastic materials in common use for a wide range of applications, including spacecraft, develop bubbles internally as they bum due to chemical reactions taking place within the bulk. These bubbles grow and migrate until they burst at the surface

Three Dimensional Modeling of Intumescent Behavior in Fires

March 3, 1997
Author(s)
Kathryn M. Butler, Howard R. Baum, Takashi Kashiwagi
A method of studying the swelling and thermal behavior of intumescent materials using understanding of the basic physical and chemical processes is described. The material is treated as a highly viscous fluid with properties dependent on temperature. the

Physical Modeling of Intumescent Fire Retardant Polymers

January 1, 1997
Author(s)
Kathryn M. Butler
Intumescent chemical systems are designed to swell into a thick, robust foam upon exposure to heat, protecting the underlying material from fire by providing a physical barrier to heat and mass transfer. The mechanisms determining the fire-resistant

Heat Transfer in an Intumescent Material Using a Three-Dimensional Lagrangian Model

September 10, 1995
Author(s)
Kathryn M. Butler, Howard R. Baum, Takashi Kashiwagi
The addition of heat transfer calculations to a three-dimensional, time-dependent numerical model of intumescent materials is described. Intumescent materials protect an underlying substrate from fire through endothermic chemical reactions producing