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Fire

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Displaying 476 - 500 of 3901

Unresolved Issues Related to Predicting the Service Life of Polymeric Materials

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
Jonathan W. Martin, Tinh Nguyen
Linking field and laboratory exposure results and predicting the service life of a polymeric materials exposed in its intended service environment have been major research goals of the polymeric materials community for over a century. Three methodologies

Use of Optical Probes and Laser Scanning Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy for High Throughput Characterization of Dispersion in Polymer Layered Silicate Nanocomposites

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
Jeffrey W. Gilman, Rick D. Davis, S Bellayer, P H. Maupin, Raghavan Dharmara, Joseph Langat, S Bourbigot, X Flambard, D M. Fox, Paul C. Trulove, Hugh C. De Long
The development of high throughput methods for studying polymer layered silicate nanocomposites (PLSN) is motivated by the fact that these materials represent a multiple parameter problem. We have developed a HT platform for the study of thermoplastic

Using Visualization To Better Understand Fire Dynamics

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
Glenn P. Forney
Computational tools have been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for modeling fire spread and smoke transport. These models include FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) for modeling fire spread and smoke transport and Smokeview

Validating Smoke Toxicity Tests

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
Richard Gann
This paper is the executive summary of NIST Technical Note 1453 (May 2003). The original abstract follows.This report presents the methodology for and results from a series of room-scale fire tests to produce data on the yields of toxic products in both

Verification and Validation of CFAST, A Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Spread

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
Walter W. Jones, Richard D. Peacock, Glenn P. Forney, Paul A. Reneke
CFAST is a zone model capable of predicting the environment in a multi-compartment structure subjected to a fire. It calculates the time evolving distribution of smoke and fire gases and the temperature throughout a building during a user-specified fire

Video Detection and Monitoring of Smoke Conditions

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
Thomas Cleary
Initial tests have been performed to assess detection limits and smoke obscuration monitoring for a video scene under different lighting and smoke concentration conditions. An illuminated exit sign located in the fire emulator/detector evaluator duct was

What a User Should Know About Selecting an Evacuation Model

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
Erica D. Kuligowski, Steve M. Gwynne
In recent years, evacuation models have been increasingly applied in an attempt to understand the outcome of emergency egress scenarios. This has been due to the introduction of performance-based codes and the availability of cost-effective, high

What Gets Measured, Gets Managed: A Case Study of Construction Safety

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
Robert E. Chapman
This article describes efforts within NIST's Building and Fire Research Laboratory to develop baseline measures for the National Construction Goals. The National Construction Goals were established in collaboration with representatives of the construction

Wildland-Urban Interface Fires: Overview and Research Needs

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
William E. Mell, Samuel Manzello, Alexander Maranghides, Ronald G. Rehm
Wildfires that spread into wildland-urban interface (WUI) communities present a significant challenge on a number of fronts. In the United States the WUI accounts for a significant portion of wildfire suppression and risk mitigation costs. Research on fire

Wind and Seismic Effects - Proceedings of the 38th Joint Panel Meeting

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
Stephen A. Cauffman
This publication is the Proceedings of the 38th Joint Meeting of the U.S.-Japan Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects. The meeting was held at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland during 15-17 May 2006. The Proceedings

Wind Effects on Tall Buildings: A Database-Assisted Design Approach

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
William P. Fritz, Emil Simiu
A rigorous procedure that calculates wind-induced effects on tall buildings is presented. The method, an extension of Database-Assisted Design (DAD), uses sets of time histories of pressures recorded simultaneously in the wind tunnel at a large number of

Wind Load Factors for Tall Building Design and the ASCE 7 Standard

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
Rene D. Gabbai, Emil Simiu
Wind load factors incorporated in the ASCE 7 Standard are based on rough approximations of wind effects and the uncertainties inherent in them. These factors are routinely applied to tall building design, even though the original calculations on which they

Wind Speeds for the Estimation of World Trade Center Towers' Response

February 19, 2017
Author(s)
William P. Fritz, Fahim H. Sadek, Emil Simiu
Estimates of the World Trade Center (WTC) towers response to wind by two North American wind engineering laboratories differed from each other by almost 40 %. A recent investigation by the National Institute of Standards and Technology determined that

Wind Effects on Flame Spread and Ember Spotting Near a Structure

February 6, 2017
Author(s)
Kathryn M. Butler, Erik L. Johnsson, Marco G. Fernandez, Mariusz Zarzecki, Glenn P. Forney, Eric Auth
In wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires, combustible materials pose a potential threat to contiguous or nearby structures. Flame spread and firebrand spotting have been studied in a series of field experiments involving fences and mulch beds under a

Generating Wind-Driven Firebrand Showers Characteristic of Burning Structures

February 1, 2017
Author(s)
Samuel L. Manzello, Sayaka Suzuki
Firebrands are a significant source leading to structures ignited and lost in large outdoor fires, such as Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) fires, a large international problem, and urban fires, common in Japan. Sadly, hardly any information is available
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