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Buildings & Construction

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Displaying 701 - 725 of 3873

Development of Standard Reference Materials for Cement-Based Materials

January 6, 2014
Author(s)
Chiara F. Ferraris, Nicos Martys, William L. George
Rotational rheometers are routinely used for homogeneous materials, but their usage for characterization of a granular fluid like concrete is a relatively new phenomenon. As measurements with rheometers can involve flow in a complex geometry, it is

Review of alternative cooling technologies

December 18, 2013
Author(s)
S J. Brown, Piotr A. Domanski
This paper considers the alternative cooling technologies studied by Fisher et al. (1994) and assesses their current performance and market potential in reference to vapor compression technology. First, a taxonomy of cooling technologies based on the main

Quantification of Methane Source Locations and Emissions

December 13, 2013
Author(s)
Kuldeep R. Prasad
Kuldeep Prasad(1), Brian Lamb(2), Maria Obiminda Cambaliza(3), Tegan Lavoie(3), Olivia E Salmon(3), Paul Shepson(3), Thomas Lauvaux(4), Ken Davis(4), and James R. Whetstone(1) (1) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. (2)

Preliminary Reconnaissance of the May 20, 2013, Newcastle-Moore Tornado in Oklahoma

December 3, 2013
Author(s)
Erica D. Kuligowski, Long Phan, Marc L. Levitan, David P. Jorgensen
This is a report on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) reconnaissance to collect information on the performance of one critical facility and two educational facilities in the May 20, 2013, Newcastle-Moore tornado in Oklahoma. The

Bounding Defaults in Egress Models

November 28, 2013
Author(s)
Steve M. Gwynne, Erica D. Kuligowski, Michael Spearpoint, Enrico Ronchi
The developers of egress models are in a difficult position. It is in their interest to develop models that are quick and easy to employ and at the same time to reduce accidental model misuse. While default values enables out-of-the-box use of models

Guidance on Fire Emergency Procedures for Emergency Stair Travel Devices

November 26, 2013
Author(s)
Erica D. Kuligowski
This document provides specific detailed guidance and recommendations on the use of emergency stair travel devices, or stair descent devices, for evacuation of persons with mobility impairments during fire emergencies in buildings. The people who would

The Process of Verification and Validation of Building Fire Evacuation Models

November 21, 2013
Author(s)
Enrico Ronchi, Erica D. Kuligowski, Paul A. Reneke, Richard Peacock, Daniel Nilsson
To date, there is no International standard on the methods and tests to assess the verification and validation (V&V) of building fire evacuation models, i.e., model testers adopt inconsistent procedures or tests designed for other model uses. For instance

Application of a Natural Ventilation System Design Tool To A School Building

November 8, 2013
Author(s)
Steven J. Emmerich, William S. Dols, Brian J. Polidoro
A software tool to aid in the design of natural ventilation systems has recently been udpated. This update implements a general method for sizing of natural ventilation components, which allows direct consideration of stack and wind-driven airflow. The

Dissecting Interactions Among Indoor Environmental Quality Factors

November 8, 2013
Author(s)
Hal Levin, Steven Emmerich
Many aspects of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and the technologies that control or otherwise affect it are interactive and often closely connected. This has important implications for the design and construction of buildings as well as for operation

Fire Dynamics Simulator, Technical Reference Guide, Sixth Edition

November 4, 2013
Author(s)
Kevin B. McGrattan, Randall J. McDermott, Craig G. Weinschenk, Glenn P. Forney
This document provides the theoretical basis for the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), following the general framework set forth in the “Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models,” ASTM E 1355. It is a four volume

Delay Behavior of On-Off Scheduling: Extending Idle Periods

November 1, 2013
Author(s)
Allen L. Roginsky, Ken Christensen, Mehrgan Mostowfi
On-off scheduling of systems that have the ability to sleep can be used to extend system idle periods and enable greater opportunities for energy savings from sleeping. In this paper, we achieve a theoretical understanding of the delay behavior of on-off

Stair evacuation of older adults and people with mobility impairments

October 31, 2013
Author(s)
Erica D. Kuligowski, Richard D. Peacock, Emily Wiess, Bryan Hoskins
Engineers analyze occupant movement data for the safety and protection of a population during emergency building evacuations. Quantifiable variables, such as: stairwell geometry, pre-evacuation delay, occupant speed, and population density form engineering

Evaluating Fire Blocking Performance of Barrier Fabrics

October 15, 2013
Author(s)
Shonali Nazare, William M. Pitts, Shaun M. Flynn, John R. Shields, Rick D. Davis
The purpose of fire blocking barrier materials is to reduce the flammability of soft furnishings ( mattresses and upholstered furniture) by preventing or delaying direct flame impingement from open flames and/or heat transfer from smoldering ignition

Exploratory Study of Airflow from SCBA Exposed to Elevated Temperatures

September 18, 2013
Author(s)
Michelle K. Donnelly, Daniel M. Madrzykowski, Anthony D. Putorti Jr.
This exploratory set of experiments investigated the impact of external exposure temperatures on Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) supply air, and the potential for the supply air to be heated when it is subjected to an elevated temperature

Real-Time Monitoring: Augmenting Building Information Modeling with 3D Imaging Data to Control Drilling for Embeds into Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks

September 16, 2013
Author(s)
Manu Akula, Robert R. Lipman, Marek Franaszek, Geraldine Cheok, Kamel Saidi, Vineet Kamat
A major contributing factor attributed to accidents in construction is the lack of hazard recognition due to limited visibility that characterizes construction projects. Real-time monitoring systems that utilize context aware computing techniques
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