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2009 NIST Time Scale Data Archive

Notes on NIST time scale, primary standards and services

Primary frequency standards developed and maintained by NIST are used to provide accuracy (rate) input to the BIPM. NIST-F1, a cesium fountain frequency standard, serves as the United States primary frequency standard. The uncertainty of NIST-F1 is less than 1 part in 1015.

The AT1 scale is run in real time using data from an ensemble of cesium standards and hydrogen masers. It is a free-running scale whose frequency is maintained as constant as possible by choosing the optimum weight for each clock that contributes to the computation.

UTC(NIST) is generated as an offset from our real-time scale AT1. It is steered in frequency towards UTC using data published by the BIPM in its Circular T. Changes in the steering frequency are usually made at 0000 UTC on the first day of any month, and the change in frequency in any month is limited to ±2 ns/day. The frequency of UTC(NIST) is kept as stable as possible at other times.

UTC is generated at the BIPM using a post-processed time-scale algorithm and is not available in real-time. The parameters that we use to generate UTC(NIST) in real-time are therefore based on an extrapolation of UTC from the most recent data available.

The table lists the parameters that are used to define UTC(NIST) with respect to our real-time scale AT1. To find the value of UTC(NIST) - AT1 at any time T (expressed as a Modified Julian Day, including a fraction if needed), the appropriate equation to use is the one for which the desired T is greater than or equal to the entry in the T0 column and less than the entry in the last column. The values of xls, x, and y for that month are then used in the equation below to find the desired value. The parameters x and y represent the offset in time and in frequency, respectively, between UTC(NIST) and AT1; the parameter xls is the number of leap seconds applied to both UTC(NIST) and UTC as specified by the IERS. Leap seconds are not applied to AT1.

UTC(NIST) - AT1 = xls + x + y(T - To)

Month

xls(s)

x (ns)

y (ns/day)

To (MJD)

Valid until 0000 UTC on: (MJD)

2009-12

-34 -342261.1 -38.4 55166 55197*

2009-11

-34 -341838.7 -38.4 55155 55166

2009-11**

-34 -341101.5 -38.8 55136 55155

2009-10

-34 -340441.9 -38.8 55119 55136

2009-10**

-34 -339895.9 -39.0 55105 55119

2009-09

-34 -339271.9 -39.0 55089 55105

2009-09**

-34 -338730.1 -38.7 55075 55089

2009-08

-34 -337917.4 -38.7 55054 55075

2009-08**

-34 -337534.4 -38.3 55044 55054

2009-07

-34 -336691.8 -38.3 55022 55044

2009-07**

-34 -336349.8 -38.0 55013 55022

2009-06

-34 -335209.8 -38.0 54983 55013

2009-05

-34 -334791.8 -38.0 54972 55983

2009-05**

-34 -334027.8 -38.2 54952 54972

2009-04

-34 -333225.6 -38.2 54931 54952

2009-04**

-34 -332880.9 -38.3 54922 54931

2009-03

-34 -331693.6 -38.3 54891 54922

2009-02

-34 -330621.2 -38.3 54863 54891

2009-01

-34 -329931.8 -38.3 54845 54863

2009-01**

-34 -329432.6 -38.4 54832 54845

* Provisional Value

** Rate Change in mid-month

Bibliography

Allan, D.W.; Hellwig, H.; and Glaze, D.J., "An accuracy algorithm for an atomic time scale," Metrologia, Vol.11, No.3, pp. 133-138 (1975).

Allan, D.W.; Davis, D.D.; Weiss, M.A.; Clements, A.; Guinot, B.; Granveaud, M.; Dorenwendt, K.; Fischer, B.; Hetzel, P.; Aoki, S.; Fujimoto, M.; Charron, L.; and Ashby, N., "Accuracy of International Time and Frequency Comparisons Via Global Positioning System Satellites in Common-view," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. IM-34, pp. 118-125, (1985).

Jefferts, S.R.; Shirley, J.; Parker, T.E.; Heavner, T.P.; Meekhof, D.M.; Nelson, C., Levi, F.; Costanza, G.; De Marchi, A.; Drullinger, R.; Hollberg, L.; Lee, W.D.; and Walls, F.L., "Accuracy evaluation of NIST-F1," Metrologia, Vol. 39, pp. 321-336, (2002).

Lewandowski, W. and Thomas, C., "GPS time transfer," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 79, pp. 991-1000, (1991).

Shirley, J.H.; Lee, W.D.; Drullinger, R.E., "Accuracy evaluation of the primary frequency standard NIST-7," Metrologia, Vol. 38, pp. 427-458, (2001).

Weiss, M.A.; Allan, D.W., "An NBS Calibration Procedure for Providing Time and Frequency at a Remote Site by Weighting and Smoothing of GPS Common View Data," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. IM-36, pp. 572-578, (1987).

Created December 29, 2009, Updated June 2, 2021