Hall Effect Measurements Comments

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• Hi, I am looking for standard samples to test the accuracy of the hall effect measurement set up made in our lab. It will be great if anyone can provide me with some information on the same .
  • Hema Sudarsanam, CASP (Center of Autonomous Solar Power), hema.sudarsanam [at] gmail.com (hema[dot]sudarsanam[at]gmail[dot]com)
• Its nice introduction of Hall effect measurement. Is it possible to include equipment list needed for performing this measurement?
  • Tanveer, JKU linz, tanveer.ashraf [at] gmail.com (tanveer[dot]ashraf[at]gmail[dot]com)

• Hi,

  I too had difficulties measuring Hall Effect for low mobility samples (resistive transparent conducting oxides for MOSFET channels, unlike ITO). However, I was successful with Keithley 6221 current source (compliance voltage ~110 V DC), Keithley 6517A electrometer (input impedance >200 T-ohm) and Keithley nanovoltmeter 2182A combination automated with self written codes in LabView.

  When dealing with low mobility samples, the Hall voltage is generally of the orders of few microvolts so guarding should be considered, ground loop should be considered, the compliance voltage of the current source and the input impedance of the voltmeter should be high - this should be worked out depending on the resistance of the sample before proceeding with the measurement as whenever a current is passed there would be a voltage drop, however the current that we are passing needs to be constant (compliance voltage comes in here) otherwise the Hall voltage that is being measured may be erroneous-Garbage IN Garbage Out. An appendix located at http://www.lakeshore.com/pdf_files/systems/Hall_Data_Sheets/A_Hall.pdf is a very helpful one, especially discussing the geometrical errors, considering which I chose the Greek Cross, made a shadow mask and deposited the samples for Hall Effect measurements. I would also recommend to refer to the original book chapter by G De Mey (ref. 22 on the appendix). If you are not lucky like me dealing with low mobility (less than 10) and high resistivity samples with noisy and non-reproducible data I would suggest you to go ahead with DOUBLE AC (both current and magnetic field) Hall Effect measurement technique, the fundamental advantage being-very small AC signal can be filtered out precisely with a lock-in-amplifier, provided the signal has a fixed phase and frequency, remember how the radio works-there are uncountable number of waves out there (of course, with very small magnitude of electric and magnetic field components) but we can tune in to the frequency we like with ease. Some of the best articles on double AC techniques (as far as I feel) are by- Akinari Kasai et. al Jap. J. Appl. Phys. Vol 33 (1994) pp. 4137-4145, D C Abbas and D J Phelps J. Phys E: Sci. Instrum., Vol. 14, 1981 pp.1078-1080 etc.

  Wishing you godspeed and good luck.

  Sonachand A. (India)April 21, 2011.

• Regarding the last comment left on your very nice site: I have looked this reference up, it is ELEKTRODENANORDNUNG ZUR MESSUNG DES HALL-EFFEKTS AN HOCHOHMIGEN HALBLEITERN Source: Zeitschrift für Physik [0044-3328] GOBRECHT Year: 1963 Volume: 176 Issue: 2 Page: 155 and it is in German, and not available from my Universities library. Could the person who commented give an English source, or describe the method? Best wishes Prof Richard Jackman.

  • Prof Dr. Richard Jackman, University College London, r.jackman [at] ucl.ac.uk (r[dot]jackman[at]ucl[dot]ac[dot]uk)
• Perhaps you should consider adding a discussion in your text of the Hall sample configuration due to Gobrecht, Tausend and Claaus - Z.Physik, 176, 155 (1963) This can be used for Hall measurement on very high resistance and low- mobility samples, and which I used 45 years ago for the first measurements on NiO samples where carrier mobilities as low as 0.02cm2/V/s could be measured. With modern electronics even lower mobilities should be measurable.
  • Tony SpringThorpe, Canadian Photonics Fabrication Centre, Tony.SpringThorpe [at] nrc.ca (Tony[dot]SpringThorpe[at]nrc[dot]ca)
• I am trying to get consistent measurements of Nd for samples of bulk n-InP (500-650um thick - ~10mm square VDP samples with excellent ohmic In/Sn contacts on the corners - 1E18 to >1E19/cm3) using the Bio-Rad/Accent/Nanometrics Hall system. However I am finding that repeated measurements on the same sample can give Nd values that vary by as much as +-20% - epitaxial layers are much better with <+-1% reproducibility. Also AC measurements are more reproducible. Increasing voltage acquisition times doesn't improve matters. Since the Hall voltage levels that are generated are in the low uV range it suggests that the measurement system is incapable of accurately measuring them. Certainly repeated resistivity measurements do not give similar values for the + and - current directions for the four cyclic contact permutations - AC does, though. If anyone has had a similar experience, and has solved it with this equipment, I would appreciate hearing from them. Perhaps the moral of this story is that you should never repeat a measurement!
  • Dr.A.J. (Tony) SpringThorpe
    National Research Council of Canada
    Institute for Microstructural Sciences
    Canadian Photonics Fabrication Centre
    Building M50 - Room C128
    1200 Montreal Rd. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
    TEL - 613-993-5075
    FAX - 613-990-7203
    Tony.SpringThorpe [at] nrc.ca (Tony[dot]SpringThorpe[at]nrc[dot]ca)
    • Tony SpringThorpe, Canadian Photonics Fabrication Centre, Tony.SpringThorpe [at] nrc.ca (Tony[dot]SpringThorpe[at]nrc[dot]ca)
• I am building a Hall effect measurement facility. This site looks like it will be very helpful with taking measurements. However, does anyone know where I can find samples of setups that would include information such as schematics, equipment lists, etc... I am still in the early stages and need to acquire the equipment.I also have a suggestion for this site. Is it possible to make this more like a forum where we can view posts that answer the questions people have left?
  • Shawn Willis, University of Oxford, shawn.willis [at] materials.ox.ac.uk (shawn[dot]willis[at]materials[dot]ox[dot]ac[dot]uk)
• This very nice presentation of Hall effect of all STD students and teachers. It is simple tool for understanding the Hall effect
  • Dr Ramphal, Prof. Physics, BAMU Arangabad India, ramphalsharma [at] yahoo.com (ramphalsharma[at]yahoo[dot]com)
• There is an impressive amount of knowledge on your site. I need to read the content first and then I will return to you and tell you how I benefitted from it, since I apply the Hall Effect (HE)in my work to build other electromagnetic devices. I work also in the Quantum Field Theory understanding of HE.
  • George Roy, CANMET/MTL, groy [at] NRCan.gc.ca (groy[at]NRCan[dot]gc[dot]ca)
• This is an extremely useful document for teaching, research and for industry.
  • Kuruppath Ravindran, CIARA, lordravindran [at] gmail.com (lordravindran[at]gmail[dot]com)
• How to measure transport properties (Hall mobility, carrier concentration etc.)of a 5 micron thick layer on a 500 micron substrate without separating it from the substrate (Separation is technically not possible) ? Are the values obtained by van der pauw technique will be valid in this case?
  • Mahua Chakraborty, mb_energy20022002 [at] yahoo.co.in (mb_energy20022002[at]yahoo[dot]co[dot]in)
• why is the geometry of the sample used in the hall effect a rectangle????could you please give an detailed explanation.
  • akshay, iit delhi, aksy88 [at] gmail.com (aksy88[at]gmail[dot]com)
• well this is great , putting all the informations about hall effect on this site.i m working cobalt doped ZnO films and trying to look at anomalous hall effect in my samples.i want to know that what all precaution i have to take to do so as the samples are resistive(resistance is of the order od 100 kiloohms) and if anybody working on the same pls send some information on the below mentioned id. Thanks for cooperation.
  • manisha, IITDelhi, manisha_2017 [at] yahoo.com (manisha_2017[at]yahoo[dot]com)
• Hi, I have finished doing my Hall effect system following all the instructions on this page, many thanks, but I need more information about the contact process, and need some samples already characterized to probe It. If someone can help me with something I'll be very thankfull
  • Luis Eduardo Vidal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Manizales, luiseduardovidal [at] hotmail.com (luiseduardovidal[at]hotmail[dot]com)
• Hi! I'm searching for some old publications of Palatnik and Belova of 1966 and 1967 about the system Ag2Te-Ga2Te3, and I can't find them. Please, would you help me to find it out? Thanks!
  • María Elena Beltrán, LUZ, mbeltran_puricayahoo.com
• Thank you very much for the valuable information you`re providing in this website,for me it is perfect except for that part of algorithm solution since im not familiar with solution. If you generously allow me I`d like to ask a few questions: 1)While doing the Hall measurements,should the first four readings with the positive magnetic field be opposite in polarity to the next four readings with the negative magnetic field? 2)One kind of the samples im working on is amorphous sputtered Si thin film on a crystalline Si substrate,the (1cm*1cm) samples where annealead in the presence of an Al film over the amorphous Si film at different temperatures for different time durations. I want to know how can i do resistivity & Hall measurements,& I`ll be very grateful if you provide me with these information.thank you in advance.
  • Ma`in Bataineh, Institution: Jordan University of Science & Technology, mainbataineh [at] yahoo.com (mainbataineh[at]yahoo[dot]com)
• I am in the process of preparing a setup for Hall measurements. I am working on ITO films. I would appreciate if anybody doing Hall Measurements for ITO films would e-mail me back. Thanks Rajesh Chandra
  • Rajesh Chandra, rajesh_recw [at] yahoo.com (rajesh_recw[at]yahoo[dot]com)
• Hi. Great Website! Recently I'm looking into the Hall measurement on my undoped samples. I had done the measurement before and after the post-annealing treatment. The as-grown samples are initially n-type conduction with mobility around 36 cm2/V-s, carrier concentration of 8.08E+18 cm-3, and resistivity of 0.022 Ohm-cm. However, after annealing, I found the interesting data. The resistivity increased by around 2 orders. More importantly, the mobility decreased to around 8 cm2/V-s or even lower. And the carrier concentration remained around the same (minor decreased but still in same order). Here are my doubts: (1) Why the hall mobility dropped for the annealed samples? From the XRD measurement, it is obvious that the crystallinity improved after annealing. From my point of view, since the annealing will annihilate the intrinsic defects (donors). Hence, the electron concentration decreased and became more comparable to the hole concentration after annealing. So, the measured hall mobility is the average of the carriers (electrons + holes) velocity. As a result, the hall mobility drop due to the combination of electron and hole conduction within the sample. Am I right to say this? (2) All the measurement were done at room temperature. From the resistivity measurement, we can speculate that the carriers of annealed film at RT are less compared to as-grown film. But from the measurement, it seems that it doesn't decreased much, for example, from 8.08E+18 to 1.56E+18 cm-3. I hope that you may clarify all the doubts i have. Thank you very much. Best Wishes, ST
  • ST, ta0001am [at] ntu.edu.sg (ta0001am[at]ntu[dot]edu[dot]sg)
• I am a researcher from a national laboratory, Taiwan . Recently, I have to purchase a Hall effect measurement system. From my survey, I know the Accent HL-5500PC and Lakeshore 7600 series fit our researches (transparent conductive oxide and doped nitride) and budget. Cloud someone who experienced using of those kinds of Hall system gives some suggestion for me? Thanks.
• Hi. I would like to know if I directly probe the 4 leads to my samples for the hall measurement, how will it affects the accuracy, especially on determining the conduction type. I was doing that because even without putting the ohmic contact by other metal, I still can obtained linear IV curve (nearly 45 degrees). Also, the samples will be heat treated after the measurement. Hence, making ohmic contact by metal is not feasible for my case. I'm extremely concerned with the conduction type of my films. So I sincerely hope that you may release my doubt. Thank you very much.

• I really appreciate this site for giving clear explanation and illustration on how to carry out the van der Pauws method. However, I have some question on how to choose the appropriate test current for a particular conductive material. I am particularly working on alumina and carbon composites that may have conductivity ranges from 10x-7 to 10x-3ohm-cm. Also, what should be the desirable thickness of the sample.  If possible, could you please send me an answer through the aforementioned email address. Thank you very much.
  • Ruben L. Menchavez, Institution: Ceramics Research Laboratory, ruben [at] crl.nitech.ac.jp (ruben[at]crl[dot]nitech[dot]ac[dot]jp)
• I am the sales manager for Abbess Instruments in Holliston , MA .  Our web address is www.abbess.com. We are in the process of developing a low cost Hall Effect Measurement System that we hope will sell for around $20k. I found your site to be extremely helpful and I will almost certainly contact you for round robin test samples, etc. I will be putting together a survey/market analysis form to get inputs as to the measurement range requirements and desired accessories for a practical, moderately priced system. Anyone wishing to give me inputs on our proposed system is encouraged to contact me at my email address. Thank you.
  • John Buck, Abbess Instruments and Systems, Inc., jbuck [at] townisp.com (jbuck[at]townisp[dot]com)
• Hi, everyone
  • Charles Pan, charlespan [at] npidc.org.tw (charlespan[at]npidc[dot]org[dot]tw)
• Charles PanIn a commercial system for Hall Measurement, which also using the van der Pauw technique, AC current was also used in addition to DC current. what's the different between DC and AC current?
  • Z.Z.Wang, zzwang [at] aphy.iphy.ac.cn (zzwang[at]aphy[dot]iphy[dot]ac[dot]cn)
• hi, great site! my thesis is on nanostructured Si, and part of it is performing Hall effect measurements. i wanted to try to do an arrhenius-type measurement (ie concentration Vs Temperature) above room temp. do u guys perform these measurements, if so what apparatus do u use to heat the sample, and where can i find more info on sample heaters?thanks, ed
  • Ed Pink, University of New South Wales , z2277853 [at] student.unsw.edu.au (z2277853[at]student[dot]unsw[dot]edu[dot]au)
• I am measuring sheet resistance and hall voltage as suggested by your method for amorphous silicon. We are facing some problem with measuring hall voltage precisely. How to neglect the offset and other voltages? As shown in your data sheet, we have calculated hall voltages accordingly. Its not giving good results. Could you please write me, how to mainly eliminate the offset from hall voltage? Thanks.
  • Prabhat Kumar, University of Kaiserslautern , kumarp [at] rhrk.uni-kl.de (kumarp[at]rhrk[dot]uni-kl[dot]de)
• Because is not recommended to do the contacts at the edges or inside the perimeter for Sample geometries square or rectangle?
  • Ernesto Calderon, Universidad de los Andes, cernesto [at] ula.ve (cernesto[at]ula[dot]ve)
• hello, I wish to have some informations concerning the realization of ohmic contacts on semiconductor the family I-III-VI2 for the need of a caracterisation by Hall effect, and if it`s possible to use Indium (In) and at which temperature. And that type of flow is the advisable more to do the contacts on this type of semiconductors? Thanks.
  • Ernesto Calderon, Universidad de los Andes, cernesto [at] ula.ve (cernesto[at]ula[dot]ve)
• hello, I wish to have some informations concerning the realization of ohmic contacts on silicon substrate doped p+(with boron) for the need of a caracterisation by Hall effect, and if it`s possible to use Indium (In) and at which temperature. Thanks.
  • A.Ryad, rafet41 [at] yahoo.fr (rafet41[at]yahoo[dot]fr)
• I would like to learn more about the effect of varying the magnetic field strength, and the effect of temperature on parameters measured during Hall Effect measurements.
  • Aaron Neufeld, http://www.cmit.csiro.au, Aaron.Neufeld [at] csiro.au (Aaron[dot]Neufeld[at]csiro[dot]au)
• Very fine. But it is better to have calculation programs on Mathimatica. Thank you.
  • Periasamy K, periasamy144 [at] hotmail.com (periasamy144[at]hotmail[dot]com)
• Why do you use complicated algorithm to solve this equation instead of using formula proposed by van der Pauw Rs=pi*d/ln(2)*(RABCD+RBCDA)/2*f(RABCD/RBCDA) ..... f - simple function
  • Andrzej Grzegorczyk, http://www.evsf3.sci.kun.nl/, andrzej [at] sci.kun.nl (andrzej[at]sci[dot]kun[dot]nl)
• Very nice, clear description of Hall-effect material characterization. We could learn much more from your job. It's an excellent website.
  • Vellingiri Senthil Kumar, Bharathiar University, vsenkumar [at] yahoo.com (vsenkumar[at]yahoo[dot]com)
• This is very good work, But i would like to ask, why you use resistance in the equation of van der Pauw for calculation instead of Resistivity. Second, i would like to have reference no. 3 and 4, please if you can copy and send it to me it will help me much. again thank you for your nice work.
  • Ahmed Ali, Seoul National University, ahmed_2010 [at] hotmail.com (ahmed_2010[at]hotmail[dot]com)
• Nice work. I have a question, answer to which i could not find here. What are the additional precautions one must make while working with ultra thin films?? also does the set up remain the same for highly doped and lowly doped films??
  • Jayant, Texas Tech University, jayant.saxena [at] ttu.edu (jayant[dot]saxena[at]ttu[dot]edu)
• I was interested in knowing the effect's of the "Hall effect" on the working of the transistor. I would be really obliged if i can get a answer through an email or through a posting. Thank You.
  • Amit Puthran, UMKC, amit_puthran [at] yahoo.com (amit_puthran[at]yahoo[dot]com)
• Hello, I recently performed an experiment that involved the Hall Effect. I have on question that has me confused. Can the Hall Effect be used to determine what type of doping (n- or p- type) of a sample? I would love to hear some opinions on this matter.
  • Patrick, Drexel University, PJM32 [at] drexel.edu (PJM32[at]drexel[dot]edu)
• Excellent website! We could learn much more from your job. I would like to ask a question: How to fabricated the ohmic contact if I want to obtain the mobility of SiC epilayer grown on Si substrates, while the Si substrate is p or n-typy conducting? How to determine if the contact is ohmic? Thanks very much for your kind interpreting.
  • Dr. M.C.Luo, Institute o Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, mcluo [at] red.semi.ac.cn (mcluo[at]red[dot]semi[dot]ac[dot]cn)
• I am currently working on overhauling an old "homebuilt" hall effect measurement setup here, and I would like to know what the preferred method is for attaching wires to the hall effect sample, or if some mechanical means of making electrical connections to the ohmic contacts (e.g. using spring-loaded pins) would be preferable. Thanks!
  • Lawrence Weinstein, University of Pittsburgh, lew21@!pitt.edu
• I would like to do Hall measurement on high temperature superconductors to see the sign reversal of the Hall voltage. How can i do this?
  • Aaron Paul Dela Cruz, University of the Philippines - Diliman, aron [at] nip.upd.edu.ph (aron[at]nip[dot]upd[dot]edu[dot]ph)
• Why can we calculate Vh as all Vs measured within applied B field summed or subtracted? What does that Vh mean? Please mail me the answer or the website which contains the answer. I can't find it on this site. Thanks a lot!
  • Kuang-Ting Chen, National Taiwan University, bigtree.chen [at] msa.hinet.net (bigtree[dot]chen[at]msa[dot]hinet[dot]net)
• Is it possible to measure the Ionic Hall effect in Rubidium Silver Iodide (or in Silver iodide) in compact pressed pallet form by using alternating current and alternating magnetic field method?
  • Prabhakar Singh, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany, psingh [at] uni-muenster.de (psingh[at]uni-muenster[dot]de)
• Could you tell what kind of technique did you use for making vdP shapes or Hall bars? What would you reckon about the error coming from it?
  • Tong Zhang, Imperial College, tong.zhang [at] ic.ac.uk (tong[dot]zhang[at]ic[dot]ac[dot]uk)
• Just wonder how did you deal with Hall factor in your measurements? Or say, what magnetic field did you use? What do you think about errors coming from multi-carrier transport and non-degenerate carriers? Anyway, I've puzzled by these for a while.
  • Tong Zhang, Imperial College, tong.zhang [at] ic.ac.uk (tong[dot]zhang[at]ic[dot]ac[dot]uk)
• Very nice, clear description of Hall-effect material characterization. I recommend adding two citations to your references: (1) Solid-State Electronics, Vol. 20, pp. 681-687 (1977). Four-Point Sheet Resistance Correction Factors for Thin Rectangular Samples, David S. Perloff (2) Solid-State Electronics, Vol. 22, pp. 645-650 (1979). Surface and Interface Depletion Corrections to Free Carrier-Density Determinations by Hall Measurements, A. Chandra, C. E. C. Wood, D. W. Woodard and L. F. Eastman
  • Steve Calawa, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, scalawa [at] ll.mit.edu (scalawa[at]ll[dot]mit[dot]edu)
• What are the error likely to occur if we use a geometry as shown on fig. 4c compare to the geometry in 4a or 4b? NB: i am working on thin film.
  • Guillaume ZOPPI, University of Durham, UK, guillaume.zoppi [at] durham.ac.uk (guillaume[dot]zoppi[at]durham[dot]ac[dot]uk)
• I think this site is very instructive, and it's cool. I have a question, though. The preferred sample shape for the resistivity measurement seems rather difficult to achieve/prepare, though. How can I get a sample shape like yours? How did you get that shape?
  • Hong Minki, Yonsei University, higherplacetogo [at] hotmail.com (higherplacetogo[at]hotmail[dot]com)
• I would like to have a copy of Ref.2,3,4,8,9,10.Is it possible?
  • Dibakar Das, University of Colorado at Boulder, Dibakar.Das [at] colorado.EDU (Dibakar[dot]Das[at]colorado[dot]EDU)
• In figure 4, you say that the diameters of the contacts should be much smaller than the distance between the contacts. That is the way I remember learning about vdP crosses. However, I have often seen Greek crosses used for Rs measurements. That is, the feeder lines into the square are the same size as the square. In fact, ASTM standard F1261M-95 shows the Greek type. So I am a little confused now. I am looking at metal structures, if that changes the answer.
  • Michael Duane, Applied Materials, michael_duane [at] amat.com (michael_duane[at]amat[dot]com)
• Are you experienced in measurement of the Hall effect in a two layer samples (when the applied current diffuses in the second layer), for example when we want to measure the parameters of a semiconducting layer on a conducting substrate of the same type of conductivity? How we can calculate the resistivity and the Hall factor of the upper layer if we know the parameters of the second layer (the substrate). Have you got any solvers of the Laplaces equation for solving this problem?
  • Penka, Institute of Applied Physics, Plovdiv, penka [at] argon.acad.bg (penka[at]argon[dot]acad[dot]bg)
• It is very useful and somewhat detailed description on Hall effect measurements. Please send me details about the apparatus used (electromagnet & its accessories, measuring systems plus relevant electrical circuits, cryogenics and other accessories, software as well as their manufacturing companies. We are going to be involved in Hall effect and resistivity measurements on low- and high-impedance samples. I'll really appreciate your kind help and fruitful cooperation, with many thanks in anticipation.
  • Mousa M. Jafar, Department of Physics, University of Jordan, mmmjafar [at] yahoo.com (mmmjafar[at]yahoo[dot]com)
• Informations about the hall measurements and electrical conductivity measurements are ideal for research and teaching. It is very difficult to get all these informations at one place. I use your description for my teaching at M.Sc. level as well for my research work. My students have used your informations and found it very educative. I congratulate you for putting detailed informations about this technique so elegantly and clearly that my students find it very useful. Thanking you for such great work
  • Sharon Maheshwar, Chemistry department, Indian Institute of technology, Bombay, India, sharon [at] chem.iitb.ac.in (sharon[at]chem[dot]iitb[dot]ac[dot]in)
• Excellent description, I found it very useful. What are the units for the symbols used in this document? Is there a nomenclature section somewhere?
  • Alex Ellis, ellisa [at] stuy.edu (ellisa[at]stuy[dot]edu)
• Thanks for all the work you did putting this great resource together.
  • Suwit Pumipak, Rajamagala Institution of Technology, www.rit.ac.th, Falan25 [at] hotmail.com (Falan25[at]hotmail[dot]com)
• Bravo! site superbe et documentation de premier choix. Merci! (Translation: Bravo! Superb site and top-quality documentation. Thank you!)
  • Michel Lavabre, lavabre [at] eea.ens-cachan.fr (lavabre[at]eea[dot]ens-cachan[dot]fr)
• Is it possible? If I would like to obtain copies of the reference number 4,5,8-10. Thanks, F. Manu
  • Fuagfoong Manu, www.tu.ac.th, fmanu [at] usa.net (fmanu[at]usa[dot]net)
• Oi, gostaria de saber se a corrente I21 significa que é uma corrente de elétrons que sai 2 e vai para o pino 1 , ou se é o contrario ? Até.
  • Alexandre Pancotti, Instituto de Física - Unicamp, apancotti [at] zipmail.com.br (apancotti[at]zipmail[dot]com[dot]br)
• Oi também tenho duvidas de como calcular o Rs usando aqueles procedimento, oque siginifica I elevado a th ? Afinal como se calcula O Rs ? Gostaria que alguem me fizesse um exemplo usando aquele algoritmo sugerido na seção IV . Até
  • Alexandre Pancotti, Instituto de Física - Unicamp, apancotti [at] zipmail.com.br (apancotti[at]zipmail[dot]com[dot]br)
• Oi, estou querendo reproduzir o efeito hall, gostaria de saber mais detalhes técnicos do experimento.
  • Alexandre Pancotti, Instituto de Física - Unicamp, apancotti [at] zipmail.com.br (apancotti[at]zipmail[dot]com[dot]br)
• I would like to obtain copies of the articles in references 3-10. Is that possible? Please contact me. Thanks Dave Schall
  • Dave Schall, University of Central Arkansas, dms0243 [at] cub.uca.edu (dms0243[at]cub[dot]uca[dot]edu)
• Wow! What a terrific site. Thanks for all the work you did putting this great resource together.
  • Andrew Jackson, www.cieloinc.com, ajackson [at] cieloinc.com (ajackson[at]cieloinc[dot]com)
• Can the Hall measurement technique be used for determining the free-carrier density and mobility in DNA (said to be a "good semiconductor")?
  • Anonymous

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