NOTICE: Due to a lapse in annual appropriations, most of this website is not being updated. Learn more.
Form submissions will still be accepted but will not receive responses at this time. Sections of this site for programs using non-appropriated funds (such as NVLAP) or those that are excepted from the shutdown (such as CHIPS and NVD) will continue to be updated.
An official website of the United States government
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
We propose two verification methods for measurements of noise parameters of amplifiers, particularly low-noise amplifiers (LNAs). One method is a direct measurement of the parameter Trev, the noise temperature from the amplifier input, and the comparison of that to the value derived from the noise-parameter measurement. The other check involves the measurement of the noise parameters for the amplifier with an isolator connected to the input and comparison to the noise parameters of the amplifier alone. Relationships between the noise parameters with and without the isolator are given. We demonstrate both verification methods with measurements on a sample LNA in the 8 ' 12 GHz range. Uncertainties in the noise parameters are evaluated using a previously developed Monte Carlo method, and both checks are found to be satisfied within the uncertainties.
Randa, J.
and Walker, D.
(2004),
Checks of Amplifier Noise-Parameter Measurements, ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference, Fort Worth, TX, USA, [online], https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=31669
(Accessed October 13, 2025)