OSAC Lexicon

tendency for an individual’s preexisting beliefs, expectations, motives, or the situational context to influence their sampling, observations, results, interpretations, or opinions, or their confidence in the aforementioned

estimate of systematic measurement error, calculated as the difference between the mean of several measurements under identical conditions, to a known “true” value

systematic tendency for estimates or measurements to be above or below their true values 

NOTE 1 Statistical bias arises from systematic as opposed to random error. 

NOTE 2 Statistical biases can occur in the absence of prejudice, partiality, or discriminatory intent.

Estimate of systematic measurement error, calculated as the difference between the mean of several measurements under identical conditions to a known “true” value

A tendency for an individual’s preexisting beliefs, expectations, motives, or the situational context to influence their sampling, observations, results, interpretations, or opinions, or their confidence in the aforementioned.

Also referenced in ANSI/ASB Standard 024 Standard for Training and Certification of Canine Detection of Humans: Location Check Using Pre‐scented Canines, ASB Technical Report 025 Crime Scene/Death Investigation – Dogs and Sensors – Terms and Definitions, ANSI/ASB Standard 024 Standard for Training and Certification of Canine Detection of Humans: Location Check Using Pre‐scented Canines, ANSI/ASB Standard 088 General Guidelines for Training, Certification, and Documentation of Canine Detection Disciplines, ANSI/ASB Standard 154 Standard for Training on Testimony for Forensic Biology
 

A tendency for an individual’s preexisting beliefs, expectations, motives, or the situational context to influence their sampling, observations, results, interpretations, or opinions, or their confidence in the aforementioned.

A tendency to search for, collect, perceive, or interpret information in a manner that supports preconceptions, expectations, or desires. 
NOTE: This is a type of cognitive bias.

The tendency to search for, collect, perceive, interpret information in a manner that supports preconceptions, expectations, or desires. 

NOTE This is a type of cognitive bias.

A tendency for exposure to or knowledge of case-specific information to affect the impartial collection, perception, or interpretation of evidence. 

NOTE: This is a type of cognitive bias.

Also referenced in ASB Technical Report 025, Crime Scene/Death Investigation – Dogs and Sensors – Terms and Definitions
 

A tendency for exposure to or knowledge of case-specific information to affect the impartial collection, perception, or interpretation of evidence. 

NOTE This is a type of cognitive bias.

A systematic tendency for estimates or measurements to be above or below their true values. 

NOTE 1: Statistical bias arises from systematic as opposed to random error. 

NOTE 2: Statistical bias can occur in the absence of prejudice, partiality, or discriminatory intent.

an anisotropic crystal in the orthorhombic, monoclinic, or triclinic system with three principal refractive index directions (α, β, γ) and two optic axes that are isotropic.

An allele designation corresponding to the window of fragments sizes for each allele, determined by empirical testing.

Allele designations corresponding to the window of fragment sizes for each allele, determined by empirical testing

A commercial product comprised of collapsible foam developed for the recording of footwear outsoles.

The study of the geographical distribution of living things.

The age corresponding with the developmental, degenerative, biochemical or isotopic status of an individual. Note: The rate at which organ systems age may differ from the individual's chronologic age.

The description of an individual’s estimated age, sex, ancestry/population affinity, and living stature derived from an anthropological (skeletal) analysis.

The description of an individual’s estimated age, skeletal sex, population affinity, and living stature derived from an anthropological analysis.

the numerical difference between the maximum and minimum refractive indices of anisotropic substances. 
 

Process in electrostatic printing in which the photoconductive element is charged with a charge of the same sign as that of the toner. A light beam, used like a “stylus” is used to discharge only those areas that are to receive toner to form the image. In the development process, the charged background areas repel the like charged toner to the discharged areas on the photoconductor. (ASTM F909)

a control where a specified component(s) is not present. Discussion - - Blanks with various designations can be specified, such as system blank, process blank, method blank, reagent blank, solvent blank, etc. Certain blanks may also serve as a negative control.

Any area or container where target odor/scent is not present. (See blank search.)

biological fluid (e.g., blood, urine, bile, serum, vitreous humor, oral fluid), tissue, or synthetic substitute without target analyte or internal standard

A training or certification exercise in which the target odor/scent is not present.

A known odor/scent sample that is used to assess the canine's proficiency in a non-matching odor/scent scenario. The canine is expected to give a negative response.

The expanding leading edge of an explosion reaction that separates a major difference in pressure between normal ambient pressure ahead of the front and potentially damaging high pressure at and behind the front.

Ink feathering of one color into an adjacent color over time. (ASTM F1857)