VECTOR: Very Deep Convolutional Autoencoders for Non-Resonant Background Removal in Broadband Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering

Published

March 14, 2022

Author(s)

Zhengwei Wang, Kevin O'Dwyer, Ryan Muddiman, Tomas Ward, Charles Camp, Bryan Hennelly

Abstract

Rapid label-free spectroscopy of biological and chemical specimen via molecular vibration through means of Broadband Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (B-CARS) could serve as a basis for a robust diagnostic platform for a wide range of applications. A limiting factor of CARS is the presence of a non-resonant background (NRB) signal, endemic to the technique. This background is multiplicative with the chemically resonant signal, meaning the perturbation it generates cannot be accounted for simply. Although several numerical approaches exist to account for and remove the NRB, they generally require some estimate of the NRB in the form of a separate measurement. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network architecture called VECTOR (Very dEep Convolutional auTOencodeRs), which retrieves the Raman-like spectrum from CARS spectra through training of simulated noisy CARS spectra, without the need for an NRB reference measurement. VECTOR is comprised of an encoder and a decoder. The encoder aims to compress the input to a lower dimensional latent representation without losing critical information. The decoder learns to reconstruct the input from the compressed representation. We also introduce skip connection bypasses from the encoder to the decoder, which benefits the training and reconstruction performance for deeper networks. We conduct abundant experiments to compare our proposed VECTOR to previous approaches in the literature, including the widely applied Kramers-Kronig method, as well as two another recently proposed method that also use neural networks.

Citation

Journal of Raman Spectroscopy

Pub Type

Journals

Download Paper

https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.6335

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Keywords

CARS, Spectroscopy, Neural networks, Deep Learning, Raman, Imaging, Microscopy, Bioimaging

Citation

Wang, Z. , O'Dwyer, K. , Muddiman, R. , Ward, T. , Camp, C. and Hennelly, B. (2022), VECTOR: Very Deep Convolutional Autoencoders for Non-Resonant Background Removal in Broadband Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, [online], https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.6335, https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=933671 (Accessed April 23, 2024)