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This work rigorously treats thermal electromagnetic noise in lossy waveguides and develops explicit modal equivalent circuit representations for the noise generated by arbitrary passive networks embedded in them. The results show that the formulations in common use are limited to lossless transmission media.
Citation
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
Williams, D.
(1996),
Thermal Noise in Lossy Waveguides, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, [online], https://doi.org/10.1109/22.508639
(Accessed September 23, 2023)