NOTICE: Due to a lapse in annual appropriations, most of this website is not being updated. Learn more.
Form submissions will still be accepted but will not receive responses at this time. Sections of this site for programs using non-appropriated funds (such as NVLAP) or those that are excepted from the shutdown (such as CHIPS and NVD) will continue to be updated.
An official website of the United States government
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) has become an important component in the international system for comparing time and frequency over long distances. In order to make further improvements in the stability of TWSTFT a more complete understanding of the sources of instabilities is required. This paper analyzes several sources of instabilities including environmental factors, ionospheric delay, satellite motion and the satellite transponder.
Proceedings Title
Proc. Joint Mtg. IEEE Intl. Freq. Cont. Symp. and PTTI Mtg.
environmental sensitivities, stability, two-way time transfer
Citation
Parker, T.
and Zhang, V.
(2005),
Sources of Instabilities in Two-Way Time Transfer, Proc. Joint Mtg. IEEE Intl. Freq. Cont. Symp. and PTTI Mtg., [online], https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=50224
(Accessed October 11, 2025)