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Separation and detection of trace fentanyl from complex mixtures using gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis

Published

Author(s)

Shannon T. Krauss, Thomas Forbes, David Ross

Abstract

The current opioid epidemic remains an ongoing challenge, exacerbated by the extreme potency of synthetic opioids (e.g., fentanyl and fentanyl analogues), leading to an increase in adulterated heroin-related deaths. The increasing prevalence of fentanyl and fentanyl analogues in mixtures with heroin and other adulterants, excipients, and bulking agents, has placed an emphasis on trace analysis methods for their detection from complex drug mixtures. Here, gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis (GEMBE), a robust and miniaturized electrophoretic separation technique, was employed for the separation and detection of fentanyl and nine (9) fentanyl analogues from mixtures. GEMBE incorporated a short capillary (5 cm × 15 μm id) for the electrophoretic separation of analytes with an opposing bulk counterflow. As the velocity of the counterflow was varied, analytes with differing electrophoretic mobilities entered the separation channel at different times and were analyzed as moving boundaries by contactless conductivity detection. The continuous injection of sample, driven by a controlled and variable pressure, both provided selectivity of the analytes and prevented contaminants or particulate within the sample from entering the separation capillary. Fentanyl was successfully separated and detected down to 2.5 μM, and demonstrated only 50% to 60% signal suppression in dilute binary mixtures with heroin and other common adulterants and excipients at 30:1 (compound:fentanyl) concentration ratios. In addition, GEMBE was successfully applied to a few adjudicated case samples of fentanyl-related mixtures exhibiting dyes and visible particulate. The short capillaries, contact-less detection format, and continuous injection of sample allows for a small footprint platform that is easy-to-use for forensic analyses.
Citation
Analytical Chemistry
Volume
91

Citation

Krauss, S. , Forbes, T. and Ross, D. (2019), Separation and detection of trace fentanyl from complex mixtures using gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis, Analytical Chemistry, [online], https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03083, https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=928106 (Accessed March 28, 2024)
Created September 26, 2019, Updated July 28, 2021