U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

PUBLICATIONS

In-Phase/Quadrature Covariance-Matrix Representation of the Uncertainty of Vectors and Complex Numbers

Published

Author(s)

Dylan F. Williams, Chih-Ming Wang, Uwe Arz

Abstract

We describe the real/imaginary and in-phase/quadrature covariance-matrix representations of the uncertainty in complex vectors supported by the StatistiCALTM software package, and transformations between these representations and the magnitude/phase uncertainty representation. We illustrate how the in-phase/quadrature representation combines some of the best aspects of the conventional real/imaginary and magnitude/phase representations.
Citation
IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters
Pub Type
Journals

Keywords

Complex numbers, in-phase, magnitude, phase, quadrature, translation, uncertainty, vectors
Statistical analysis

Citation

Williams, D. , Wang, C. and Arz, U. (2006), In-Phase/Quadrature Covariance-Matrix Representation of the Uncertainty of Vectors and Complex Numbers, IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters (Accessed January 22, 2025)

Issues

If you have any questions about this publication or are having problems accessing it, please contact reflib@nist.gov.

Created November 28, 2006, Updated January 27, 2020