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In-Phase/Quadrature Covariance-Matrix Representation of the Uncertainty of Vectors and Complex Numbers
Published
Author(s)
Dylan F. Williams, Chih-Ming Wang, Uwe Arz
Abstract
We describe the real/imaginary and in-phase/quadrature covariance-matrix representations of the uncertainty in complex vectors supported by the StatistiCALTM software package, and transformations between these representations and the magnitude/phase uncertainty representation. We illustrate how the in-phase/quadrature representation combines some of the best aspects of the conventional real/imaginary and magnitude/phase representations.
Williams, D.
, Wang, C.
and Arz, U.
(2006),
In-Phase/Quadrature Covariance-Matrix Representation of the Uncertainty of Vectors and Complex Numbers, IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters
(Accessed October 7, 2025)