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Akira Kyle, Curtis Rau, William Warfield, Alexander Kwiatkowski, John Teufel, Konrad Lehnert, Tasshi Dennis
Abstract
Doubly parametric quantum transducers (DPTs), such as electro-optomechanical devices, show promise as quantum interconnects between the optical and microwave domains, thereby enabling long-distance quantum networks between superconducting qubit systems. However, any transducer will inevitably introduce loss and noise that will degrade the performance of a quantum network. We explore how DPTs can be used to construct a network capable of distributing remote two-mode microwave entanglement over an optical link by comparing 14 different network topologies. The 14 topologies we analyze consist of combinations of different transducer operations, entangled resources, and entanglement-swapping measurements. For each topology, we derive a necessary and sufficient analytic threshold on DPT parameters that must be exceeded in order to distribute microwave-microwave entanglement. We find that the thresholds are dependent on the given network topology, along with the available entanglement resources and measurement capabilities. In the high-optical-loss limit, which is relevant to realistic networks, we find that down-conversion of each half of an optical two-mode squeezed vacuum state is the most robust topology. Finally, using currently achievable experimental capabilities, we find the encouraging result that several of these topologies could produce microwave-microwave entanglement. However, most of these topologies cannot work given current transducer performance, which demonstrates the importance of thoroughly analyzing all possible networks.
Kyle, A.
, Rau, C.
, Warfield, W.
, Kwiatkowski, A.
, Teufel, J.
, Lehnert, K.
and Dennis, T.
(2023),
Optically Distributing Remote Two-Node Microwave Entanglement Using Doubly Parametric Quantum Transducers, Physical Review Applied, [online], https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.20.014005, https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=935687
(Accessed October 8, 2025)