Multi-timescale Frequency–Phase Matching for High-Yield Nonlinear Photonics

Published

November 6, 2025

Author(s)

Mahmoud Jalali Mehrabad, Lida Xu, Gregory Moille, Christopher Flower, Supratik Sarkar, Apurva Padhye, Shao-Chien Ou, Daniel Suarez-Ferero, Mahdi Ghafariasl, Yanne K. Chembo, Kartik Srinivasan, Mohammad Hafezi

Abstract

Integrated nonlinear photonics struggles to deliver wafer-scale functional device yields: Nanometer-level fabrication variations compromise the strict frequency-phase matching mandated by energy- and momentum-conserving nonlinear processes. We introduce nested frequency-phase matching, a passive scheme that relaxes these constraints, and implement it in a two-timescale lattice of commercially available silicon nitride (SiN) coupled ring resonators for harmonic generation. The nested lattice simultaneously generates ultrabroad bandwidth light in the fundamental-, second-, third-, and fourth-harmonic bands and achieves 100% multifunctional wafer-scale device yield, all passively and without geometry fine-tuning. Distinct spatial and spectral signatures confirm the predicted relaxation of frequency-phase matching, establishing a scalable route for chip-scale nonlinear optics. Our approach provides possibilities for integrated frequency conversion and synchronization, self-referencing, precision metrology, squeezed-light sources, and nonlinear optical computing

Citation

Science Magazine

Volume

390

Issue

6773

Pub Type

Journals

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Citation

Jalali Mehrabad, M. , Xu, L. , Moille, G. , Flower, C. , Sarkar, S. , Padhye, A. , Ou, S. , Suarez-Ferero, D. , Ghafariasl, M. , Chembo, Y. , Srinivasan, K. and Hafezi, M. (2025), Multi-timescale Frequency–Phase Matching for High-Yield Nonlinear Photonics, Science Magazine, [online], https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=960122 (Accessed November 20, 2025)