NOTICE: Due to a lapse in annual appropriations, most of this website is not being updated. Learn more.
Form submissions will still be accepted but will not receive responses at this time. Sections of this site for programs using non-appropriated funds (such as NVLAP) or those that are excepted from the shutdown (such as CHIPS and NVD) will continue to be updated.
An official website of the United States government
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
Membrane-Based Environmental Cells for SEM in Liquids
Published
Author(s)
Andrei A. Kolmakov
Abstract
Environmental electron microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in liquids are among the most active research areas in modern electron microscopy and spectroscopy. Research interest in these techniques is broad as they are enabling the nanoscale research of dynamic systems in diverse fields such as materials, biological, medical and environmental sciences. This chapter will discusses ongoing research efforts based upon custom fabricated instrumentation that improves the capabilities of the membrane based environmental cells (E-cells).
Kolmakov, A.
(2016),
Membrane-Based Environmental Cells for SEM in Liquids, Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, -1, [online], https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316337455.005
(Accessed October 14, 2025)