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The commercialization of the Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) began in the mid 1970s with the installation of five systems at the FBI. In subsequent years, additional vendors developed competing AFISs without considering any aspects of fingerprint data exchange between the systems. This chapter will describe and review the standards created to effect interoperability between dissimilar systems, the certification procedure for the WSQ compression algorithm, image quality issues, and the reference databases developed to assist manufacturers and researchers.