An Examination of Kernite (Na2B4O6(OH)2 • 3 H2O) Using X-ray and Electron Spectroscopies: Quantitative Microanalysis of a Hydrated Low-Z Mineral

Published

April 14, 2011

Author(s)

Douglas C. Meier, Jeffrey M. Davis, Edward P. Vicenzi

Abstract

Mineral borates, the primary industrial source of boron, are found in a large variety of compositions. One such source, kernite (Na2B4O6(OH)2 • 3 H2O), offers a panoply of challenges for traditional electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) – it is hygroscopic, an electrical insulator, composed entirely of light elements, and sensitive to both low pressures and the electron beam. However, a specimen can be analyzed to within a few weight percent of its stoichiometric composition with careful preparation, selection of reference materials, and attention to the details of quantification procedures, including correction for the time dependency of the Na X-ray signal. Moreover, a reasonable estimation of the mineral’s water content can also be made by comparing the measured oxygen to the calculated stoichiometric oxygen content. X-ray diffraction (XRD), variable pressure electron imaging, and visual inspection elucidate the structural consequences of high vacuum treatment of kernite, while Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirm electron beam-driven migration of sodium and oxygen out of the near-surface region (sampling depth ≈2 nm). These surface effects are insufficiently large to significantly affect the EPMA results (sampling depth ≈400 nm at 5 keV).

Citation

Microscopy and Microanalysis

Volume

17

Pub Type

Journals

Keywords

borate, kernite, hydrate, light elements, electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA), wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)

Citation

Meier, D. , Davis, J. and Vicenzi, E. (2011), An Examination of Kernite (Na2B4O6(OH)2 • 3 H2O) Using X-ray and Electron Spectroscopies: Quantitative Microanalysis of a Hydrated Low-Z Mineral, Microscopy and Microanalysis (Accessed October 5, 2024)