NOTICE: Due to a lapse in annual appropriations, most of this website is not being updated. Learn more.
Form submissions will still be accepted but will not receive responses at this time. Sections of this site for programs using non-appropriated funds (such as NVLAP) or those that are excepted from the shutdown (such as CHIPS and NVD) will continue to be updated.
An official website of the United States government
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
DC Voltage Synthesis Using a Pulse-Quantized Josephson Voltage Source
Published
Author(s)
Samuel Benz, Laurie Christian, Charles J. Burroughs, Clark A. Hamilton
Abstract
We have synthesized and measured dc voltages using a bipolar pulse-quantized Josephson voltage waveform synthesizer. Bias current ranges were determined for 101 equally spaced dc voltage steps between -18.6 and +18.6 mV. The flatness of a step at -7.444 mV was found to vary only 2.6 nV with a type A standard uncertainty of 1.6 nV. The linearity of a nanovoltmeter was investigated by synthesizing 11 different dc voltages.
Proceedings Title
Proc., Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM)
digital synthesis, Josephson array, quantization, voltage standard
Citation
Benz, S.
, Christian, L.
, Burroughs, C.
and Hamilton, C.
(2000),
DC Voltage Synthesis Using a Pulse-Quantized Josephson Voltage Source, Proc., Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), Sydney, 1, AS, [online], https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=23338
(Accessed October 13, 2025)