NOTICE: Due to a lapse in annual appropriations, most of this website is not being updated. Learn more.
Form submissions will still be accepted but will not receive responses at this time. Sections of this site for programs using non-appropriated funds (such as NVLAP) or those that are excepted from the shutdown (such as CHIPS and NVD) will continue to be updated.
An official website of the United States government
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
Alternative Variables for Computing Sideband Pulling in Atomic Frequency Standards
Published
Author(s)
Jon H. Shirley
Abstract
Sideband pulling has long been considered a possible source of frequency bias in atomic frequency standards. We treat a two-level system excited by coherent radiation with amplitude and phase modulation. We create alternative variables to facilitate the second-order solution of the associated time-dependent Schrödinger equation. We extend earlier work to include time-dependent excitation and initial phase dependence.
Proceedings Title
Proceedings of the 2011 Joint IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and European Frequency and Time Forum
Conference Dates
May 1-5, 2011
Conference Location
San Francisco, CA
Pub Type
Conferences
Keywords
Atomic frequency standards, Frequency bias, Modulation, Sideband pulling
Shirley, J.
(2011),
Alternative Variables for Computing Sideband Pulling in Atomic Frequency Standards, Proceedings of the 2011 Joint IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and European Frequency and Time Forum, San Francisco, CA
(Accessed October 20, 2025)