NOTICE: Due to a lapse in annual appropriations, most of this website is not being updated. Learn more.
Form submissions will still be accepted but will not receive responses at this time. Sections of this site for programs using non-appropriated funds (such as NVLAP) or those that are excepted from the shutdown (such as CHIPS and NVD) will continue to be updated.
An official website of the United States government
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
Enabling Flexible Manufacturing Systems by Using Level of Automation as Design Parameter
Published
Author(s)
Bjoern J. Johansson, Asa Fasth, Johan Stahre, Juhani Heilala, Swee K. Leong, Yung-Tsun T. Lee, Frank H. Riddick
Abstract
Handling flexibility in an ever changing manufacturing environment is one of the key challenges for a successful industry. By using tools for virtual manufacturing, industries can analyze and predict outcomes of changes before taking action to change the real manufacturing systems. This paper introduces a simulation tool which can be used to analyze how choice in level of automation influence on the overall system performance. Determining a good level of automation with redundancy options can provide the manufacturing system with high flexibility for handling changes in specific unpredictable events occurring in the system such as machine failures, lack of quality, lack of materials, lack of resources etc. By utilizing a standardization effort from National Institute of Standards and Technology, the tool development assures a generic interface towards other data sources both upstream and downstream from the simulation perspective.
Proceedings Title
Proceedings of the 2009 Winter Simulation Conference
Johansson, B.
, Fasth, A.
, Stahre, J.
, Heilala, J.
, Leong, S.
, Lee, Y.
and Riddick, F.
(2009),
Enabling Flexible Manufacturing Systems by Using Level of Automation as Design Parameter, Proceedings of the 2009 Winter Simulation Conference, Austin, TX, [online], https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=903201
(Accessed October 10, 2025)