Weight Functions for Biases in Atomic Frequency Standards

Published

March 1, 2010

Author(s)

Jon H. Shirley

Abstract

Many perturbations that affect atomic frequency standards vary during the period of measurement. To include this time variation, we introduce three time-dependent weight functions built from the solution of the unperturbed equations of motion of a two-level system. The integral of the time-dependent part of a perturbation with a weight function gives the associated first-order change in transition probability. Biases are then found easily. The same weight function may be used for different perturbations, thus unifying the derivation of their associated biases. We give several examples of the use of weight functions.

Citation

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control

Volume

57

Issue

3

Pub Type

Journals

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Keywords

atomic clock, atomic frequency standard, primary frequency standard

Citation

Shirley, J. (2010), Weight Functions for Biases in Atomic Frequency Standards, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, [online], https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=902850 (Accessed October 11, 2025)