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The evacuation process is influenced by historical events. These can reflect previous incidents, training, and the routine use of the structure. These need to be considered during the design process as they will influence occupant behavior. In addition, several procedures may be employed in a structure at any one time, relating to those entering, using and leaving. These may often interact. It is important that the fire safety engineer is able to consider these factors during calculations. Sophisticated egress models are required in order to achieve this. These models will need to incorporate different application modes to accommodate these historical and procedural factors. This paper outlines six such modes of application.
Gwynne, S.
and Kuligowski, E.
(2010),
Application Modes of Egress Simulation, Pedestrian Evacuation Dynamics 2008, Wuppertal, 1, DE, [online], https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=861546
(Accessed October 8, 2025)