Mutually consistent thermodynamic potentials for fluid water, ice and seawater: a new standard for oceanography

Published

December 12, 2008

Author(s)

Rainer Feistel, Daniel G. Wright, Kiyoshi Miyagawa, Allan H. Harvey, Jan Hruby, Trevor J. McDougall, David R. Jackett, Wolfgang Wagner

Abstract

A new seawater standard for oceanographic and engineering applications has been developed that consists of three independent thermodynamic potential functions, derived from extensive distinct sets of very accurate experimental data. The results have been formulated as Releases of the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, IAPWS (1996, 2006, 2008) and are expected to be adopted internationally by other organizations in subsequent years. In order to successfully perform computations such as phase equilibria from combinations of these potential functions, mutual compatibility and consistency of these independent mathematical functions must be ensured. In this article, a brief review of their separate development and ranges of validity is given. We analyse background details on the conditions specified at their reference states, the triple point and the standard ocean state, to ensure the mutual consistency of the different formulations, and the necessity and possibility of numerically evaluating metastable states of liquid water. Computed from this formulation in quadruple precision (128-bit floating point numbers), tables of numerical reference values are provided as anchor points for the consistent incorporation of additional potential functions in the future, and as unambiguous benchmarks to be used in the determination of numerical uncertainty estimates of doubleprecision implementations on different platforms that may be customized for special purposes.

Citation

Ocean Science

Volume

4

Pub Type

Journals

Download Paper

Local Download

Keywords

Gibbs energy, ice, seawater, thermodyanmics, water

Citation

Feistel, R. , Wright, D. , Miyagawa, K. , Harvey, A. , Hruby, J. , McDougall, T. , Jackett, D. and Wagner, W. (2008), Mutually consistent thermodynamic potentials for fluid water, ice and seawater: a new standard for oceanography, Ocean Science, [online], https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=832248 (Accessed October 15, 2025)